Qhov Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Hlau Refractory hauv Kev Lag Luam
Cov hlau uas tsis kub hnyiab yog ib pawg hlau uas paub txog lawv lub peev xwm tiv taus qhov kub siab heev yam tsis yooj yim yaj, hloov pauv, lossis poob zog. Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no - txij li kev tsim khoom hnyav mus rau kev siv thev naus laus zis siab - cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov yam ntxwv no tseem ceeb heev. Yog tsis muaj cov hlau uas tsis kub hnyiab, ntau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo, yog tias tsis ua tsis tau. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov hlau uas tsis kub hnyiab, lawv cov hom, lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb, thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam.
Dab tsi yog hlau refractory?
Feem ntau, cov hlau uas tsis kub hnyiab yog cov hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus yaj siab heev, feem ntau siab dua 2.000 ° C. Cov pab pawg feem ntau hu ua "cov hlau uas tsis kub hnyiab thawj zaug" suav nrog tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), thiab rhenium (Re). Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), thiab vanadium (V) kuj feem ntau cuam tshuam vim lawv tiv taus cua sov thiab xeb, txawm hais tias cov lus txhais sib txawv nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau.
Cov hlau no cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws tsis yog tsuas yog nws cov melting point xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj nws qhov ruaj khov thaum kub siab, tiv taus kev hnav, thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov khoom siv kho tshuab hauv qhov chaw kub heev. Qhov no ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov kev lag luam uas xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv ntau dua li cov hlau ib txwm xws li hlau lossis txhuas.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas ua rau nws tseem ceeb
Muaj ntau yam ntxwv uas ua rau cov hlau refractory muaj nqis heev:
1. Lub ntsiab lus yaj siab heev
Piv txwv li, tungsten muaj qhov kub yaj ntawm li 3.422 ° C, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau siab tshaj plaws. Qhov no tso cai rau cov khoom siv tungsten ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cua sov.
2. Lub zog kho tshuab thaum kub siab
Muaj ntau yam khoom siv uas yuav poob zog thaum raug cua sov. Cov hlau uas tsis yooj yim puas feem ntau yuav tseem muaj zog thiab tawv, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv uas tuav tau hnyav hauv qhov chaw kub.
3. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm thermal thiab electrical (hauv qee hom)
Piv txwv li, molybdenum thiab tungsten kuj muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev siv hluav taws xob lossis kev siv cua sov hauv kev lag luam.
4. Kev tiv thaiv kev xeb thiab qee yam tshuaj lom neeg
Tantalum paub txog nws qhov kev tiv taus corrosion siab, txawm tias tawm tsam ntau cov kua qaub muaj zog. Qhov no ua rau nws tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg.
5. Kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov ntev thiab kev hnav tsis kam
Hauv cov tshuab thiab khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, kev hloov me me ntawm cov duab tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Cov hlau uas tsis yooj yim puas tsuaj pab tswj kev ua haujlwm kom raug.
Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau refractory thiab lawv cov ntawv thov ib txwm muaj
Tungsten (W)
Tungsten siv dav hauv cov cuab yeej txiav, electrodes, cov khoom cua sov, thiab cov ntawv thov uas xav tau qhov ceev thiab tiv taus cua sov. Hauv kev lag luam tsim khoom, tungsten feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tungsten carbide rau cov khoom siv laum, cov hniav lathe, thiab cov cuab yeej milling vim nws qhov nyuaj thiab tiv taus kev hnav zoo heev. Ntxiv mus, tungsten kuj tseem siv rau cov khoom uas ntsib cua sov heev, xws li cov nozzles, cov ntaub thaiv cua sov, thiab cov khoom siv hauv qhov cub.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum nrov rau cov khoom cua sov thiab cov khoom siv hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev lossis lub tshuab cua sov uas muaj huab cua tiv thaiv. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam metallurgy thiab semiconductor vim nws ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej txheej txheem. Ntxiv mus, molybdenum feem ntau siv ua cov khoom sib xyaw hauv hlau kom ua rau muaj zog, tiv taus cua sov, thiab tiv taus xeb.
Tantalum (Ta)
Tantalum muaj nqis heev hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg vim nws txoj kev tiv taus xeb zoo heev. Nws yog siv rau cov khoom hloov pauv cua sov, cov khoom siv reactor, thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm tshuaj lom neeg hnyav. Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, tantalum kuj tseem hu ua cov khoom siv capacitor tantalum, muab kev ruaj khov siab thiab me me - qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no.
Niobium (Nb)
Niobium siv dav hauv cov hlau superalloys thiab cov hlau muaj zog siab (HSLA). Nws pab txhim kho kev tawv thiab kev tiv taus kub siab. Hauv qee qhov kev siv tshwj xeeb, niobium siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv superconducting, xws li cov hlau nplaum muaj zog siv hauv MRIs thiab kev tshawb fawb txog physics.
Rhenium (Re)
Rhenium yog ib hom hlau tsis tshua muaj uas feem ntau siv rau hauv cov hlau sib xyaw los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kub siab heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hniav turbine thiab cov khoom siv cav dav hlau. Vim nws muaj tsawg thiab tus nqi siab, rhenium feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev ua tau zoo heev.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov hlau refractory hauv kev lag luam tseem ceeb
1. Kev lag luam aerospace thiab kev tiv thaiv
Kev lag luam no xav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog, sib dua (lossis tsawg kawg yog ua tau zoo hauv kev tsim kho), thiab tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias siab. Cov cav dav hlau, cov foob pob hluav taws, thiab cov tshuab tsav tsheb ntsib qhov kub thiab txias heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thaj chaw turbine thiab chav sib xyaw. Cov hlau sib xyaw ua los ntawm cov hlau refractory lossis cov khoom refractory feem ntau siv los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv creep (kev hloov pauv mus sij hawm ntev vim yog cua sov thiab cov khoom thauj) thiab ua kom lub neej ntawm cov khoom ntev dua.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, vim tias qee cov hlau refractory muaj qhov ceev siab (xws li tungsten), lawv kuj siv rau kev sib npaug ntawm cov ntawv thov, kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, lossis cov khoom uas xav tau inertia loj.
2. Kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob
Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, kev ua haujlwm zoo feem ntau nce ntxiv thaum qhov kub thiab txias nce siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub thiab txias no ua rau cov khoom siv xav tau uas tuaj yeem tiv taus kev ntxhov siab yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Cov hlau refractory ua haujlwm ua cov khoom siv alloying los txhim kho qhov tiv taus cua sov ntawm cov khoom siv turbine, boilers, thiab qee lub tshuab raj. Hauv cov thev naus laus zis hluav taws xob siab heev - xws li qee lub tshuab nuclear lossis kev tshawb fawb fusion - cov khoom siv tiv taus cua sov thiab tiv taus hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov hlau refractory feem ntau yog cov neeg sib tw rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb.
3. Kev lag luam kub siab thiab kev tsim khoom
Cov txheej txheem yaj, sintering, thiab kev kho cua sov xav tau cov cub tawg thiab cov khoom uas tiv taus kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov khoom cua sov molybdenum, cov khoom tungsten, thiab ntau yam hlau refractory-based alloys pab tswj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab txo lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tsim khoom: cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua, lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm ntau dua rau kev saib xyuas lossis hloov pauv.
4. Kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg thiab petrochemical
Kev xeb yog tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, Tantalum tuaj yeem tiv taus cov chaw acidic uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem ntau lwm yam hlau. Los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv tiv taus xeb, kev lag luam tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb, thiab txo cov nqi mus sij hawm ntev. Txawm hais tias cov hlau refractory feem ntau kim, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm kev muaj feem ntau qis dua vim lawv lub neej ua haujlwm ntev.
5. Kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab semiconductor
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom semiconductor muaj cov xwm txheej rhiab heev: kub heev, nqus tsev, thiab cov chaw muaj tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb. Cov hlau xws li molybdenum thiab tungsten yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, cov tshuaj pleev xim, thiab cov hom phiaj sputtering. Ntawm sab khoom, tantalum ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov capacitors siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv - los ntawm cov xov tooj ntse mus rau cov khoom siv kho mob - vim nws qhov ruaj khov thiab cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob.
Cov teeb meem: tus nqi, muaj, thiab kev ua tiav
Txawm hais tias lawv tseem ceeb npaum li cas los xij, cov hlau refractory muaj ntau yam teeb meem loj:
- Kim heev vim tias cov txheej txheem rho tawm thiab ua kom huv yog qhov nyuaj, thiab qee qhov (xws li rhenium) tsis tshua muaj.
– Nyuaj rau kev ua tiav vim muaj cov ntsiab lus yaj siab, ua rau cov txheej txheem casting ib txwm tsis haum. Ntau cov khoom siv hlau refractory yog tsim los ntawm hmoov metallurgy, sintering, lossis cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb.
- Muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev oxidation ntawm qhov kub siab hauv qee hom hlau, yog li ntawd xav tau huab cua tiv thaiv lossis qee cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv.
- Cov saw hlau muab khoom zoo vim tias cov peev txheej tau sib sau ua ke hauv qee thaj chaw, ua rau cov teeb meem geopolitical thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev muab khoom yog qhov txhawj xeeb rau kev lag luam.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem no qhia meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau refractory: rau cov ntawv thov hnyav, lwm txoj hauv kev feem ntau tsis phim lawv cov kev ua tau zoo.
Xaus
Cov hlau refractory yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau ntau yam thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Nrog lawv cov ntsiab lus melting siab, lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab kev ruaj khov zoo dua, cov hlau xws li tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, thiab rhenium ua rau cov txheej txheem uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam - los ntawm aerospace thiab lub zog mus rau metallurgy thiab chemistry mus rau semiconductors. Txawm hais tias kim thiab nyuaj rau ua, cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov tseeb: kev ntseeg siab ntxiv, kev nyab xeeb, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab lub neej ntev ntawm cov khoom siv. Hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev lag luam, cov hlau refractory yuav txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau yav tom ntej.
