Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Cov Cheebtsam Hlau nrog 3D Printing Techniques
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no tau coj kev hloov pauv loj hauv txoj kev uas kev lag luam tsim thiab tsim cov khoom. Thaum kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau ib zaug yog ib qho tseem ceeb nrog kev siv tshuab, casting, lossis forging cov txheej txheem uas xav tau pwm thiab cov theem ntev, tam sim no 3D printing (additive manufacturing) thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua lwm txoj hauv kev loj hlob. Hlau 3D printing tso cai rau kev maj mam, txheej-rau-txheej tsim ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw los ntawm hlau, muab kev ywj pheej tsim, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab kev rov ua dua sai. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv 3D, los ntawm theem tsim mus rau tom qab tsim khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo.
1. Kev Nkag Siab thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Luam Ntawv Hlau 3D
Kev luam ntawv hlau 3D yog ib txoj kev tsim khoom ntxiv uas tsim cov khoom los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom siv txheej los ntawm cov qauv digital. Tsis zoo li cov txheej txheem rho tawm zoo li CNC, uas tshem tawm cov khoom siv los ntawm ib lub thaiv hlau, kev luam ntawv 3D siv cov hmoov hlau lossis hlau ua ke nrog lub zog xws li laser, electron beam, lossis hluav taws xob arc los tsim cov duab kawg.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yooj yim heev: ib tug qauv yog tsim nyob rau hauv tsim software, ces muab faib ua tej daim nyias nyias (slicing). Lub tshuab ces luam tawm txhua txheej raws li txoj kev teem tseg kom txog thaum tag nrho cov khoom raug tsim. Txawm hais tias lub tswv yim yuav zoo li yooj yim, hlau 3D luam ntawv xav tau kev tswj hwm nruj vim yog qhov kub siab, cov ntaub ntawv reactive, thiab cov kev cai meej.
2. Theem Tsim: Tsim rau Kev Tsim Khoom Ntxiv (DfAM)
Kauj ruam thawj zaug yog kev tsim cov khoom hauv CAD (Computer-Aided Design). Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv loj ntawm kev tsim khoom ib txwm muaj. 3D luam ntawv tso cai rau cov duab organic, cov channel sab hauv, cov qauv lattice, thiab cov topology zoo tshaj plaws rau lub teeb thiab lub zog. Yog li ntawd, DfAM (Tsim rau Additive Manufacturing) kev coj ua yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Qee qhov kev xav txog kev tsim qauv suav nrog:
- Kev taw qhia luam ntawv: txiav txim siab qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim cov txheej uas cuam tshuam rau lub zog, kev cuam tshuam thiab kev txhawb nqa.
- Qhov tuab ntawm phab ntsa tsawg kawg nkaus: txhua txoj kev siv tshuab muaj qee qhov kev txwv kom qhov khoom tsis txhob tawg lossis tsis ua tiav.
- Cov khoom dai thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa: cov khoom dai feem ntau xav tau kev txhawb nqa kom tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob vau thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
- Kev ua tiav qhov kam rau ua thiab kev tso cai: cov khoom feem ntau xav tau kev siv tshuab lossis polishing tom qab molding.
Tom qab tsim qauv kawg, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau raug xa tawm mus rau hom ntawv STL lossis 3MF rau kev ua tiav mus rau theem tom ntej.
3. Kev Npaj Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Kev Txiav thiab Kev Txheeb Xyuas Cov Txheej Txheem
Cov ntaub ntawv 3D ces raug ua tiav nrog software slicing. Nyob rau theem no, tus qauv raug hloov mus ua cov txheej ntawm qhov tuab tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, 20–60 microns rau cov txheej txheem ua hmoov). Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg teb xov tooj txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb xws li:
- lub zog laser / beam,
– kev ceev ntawm kev luam theej duab,
- qhov deb ntawm txoj kab (qhov sib nrug ntawm qhov hatch);
– txoj kev luam theej duab,
- txheej tuab,
- kev txhawb nqa tsim qauv.
Cov kev ntsuas no cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv ntom ntom, qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw, qhov ceev ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo xws li porosity thiab tawg. Rau cov khoom tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, aerospace lossis kev kho mob), cov kev ntsuas no feem ntau ua raws li cov txheej txheem raug lees paub thiab cov qauv kev lag luam.
4. Kev Xaiv Khoom Siv: Hmoov Hlau lossis Hlau
Cov khoom siv siv nyob ntawm seb cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv zoo li cas. Ob hom khoom siv uas siv ntau tshaj plaws yog:
1. Hmoov hlau: siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem xws li SLM/DMLS (Selective Laser Melting/Direct Metal Laser Sintering) thiab EBM (Electron Beam Melting). Cov hmoov yuav tsum muaj qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me uas tswj tau, kev faib tawm zoo, thiab cov pa oxygen tsawg kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
2. Hlau hlau: siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem xws li WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing), uas siv hluav taws xob arc. Txoj kev no yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov khoom loj vim nws cov nqi tso tawm siab, tab sis feem ntau xav tau kev ua tiav ntau dua.
Cov ntaub ntawv nrov hauv kev luam ntawv hlau 3D suav nrog cov hlau tsis xeb, titanium (Ti-6Al-4V), txhuas, Inconel, cobalt-chrome, thiab cov hlau cuab yeej.
5. Cov Txheej Txheem Luam Ntawv: Cov Tshuab Luam Ntawv Hlau 3D Feem Ntau
Muaj ntau yam thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb siv los tsim cov khoom siv hlau:
a. Kev Sib Xyaws Hmoov Txaj (PBF)
Txoj kev no paub zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom ua kom raug. Lub tshuab nthuav ib txheej hmoov nyias nyias rau saum ib lub phaj tsim, tom qab ntawd lub laser lossis lub teeb hluav taws xob yaj cov hmoov raws li cov qauv txheej. Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua kom txog thaum cov khoom raug tsim.
Qhov zoo ntawm PBF yog cov ntsiab lus siab thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov duab geometries nyuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov loj me yog txwv los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm qhov chaw luam ntawv, thiab lub tshuab thiab cov nqi khoom siv feem ntau siab.
b. Kev Tso Hluav Taws Xob Rau Hauv Qhov Chaw (DED)
DED yaj cov khoom (hmoov lossis hlau) thaum nws raug tso rau hauv lub nozzle, feem ntau yog siv lub laser lossis hluav taws xob arc. Cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau siv rau kev kho cov khoom, ntxiv cov yam ntxwv, lossis kev tsim cov khoom loj.
Qhov zoo yog qhov yooj ywm thiab cov nqi ntxiv cov khoom siv sai, tab sis kev daws teeb meem meej thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw feem ntau qis dua PBF.
c. Kev Siv Cov Khoom Siv Binder Jetting
Hauv kev siv cov khoom siv los ua kom cov hmoov hlau sib txuas nrog cov khoom siv los ua ib qho "qhov ntsuab," uas tom qab ntawd yuav dhau los ntawm kev sib txuas thiab sintering kom khov. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem ua tau sai dua thiab tsim nyog dua rau kev tsim khoom ntau, tab sis yuav tsum tau kwv yees qhov kev ntsws thaum lub sijhawm sintering kom raug.
6. Kev Ua Tom Qab: Txij Li Cov Khoom Raw Mus Rau Cov Khoom Uas Npaj Siv Tau
Feem ntau cov hlau luam tawm 3D tsis tau npaj txhij rau kev siv tam sim ntawd. Kev ua tiav tom qab yuav luag txhua zaus yog qhov tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom uas xav tau kev kam rau siab thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tshwj xeeb.
Cov theem ua tiav tom qab kho feem ntau muaj xws li:
– Kev tshem tawm ntawm lub phaj tsim: feem ntau yog siv cov hlau txiav EDM lossis kev txiav tshuab.
- Kev tshem tawm kev txhawb nqa: qhov kev txhawb nqa raug txiav lossis sib tsoo, tom qab ntawd qhov chaw raug du.
– Kev kho cua sov: xws li kev txo kev ntxhov siab kom txo cov kev ntxhov siab seem thiab tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv. Rau qee cov ntaub ntawv, kev kho cov tshuaj thiab kev laus raug ua.
– Kub Isostatic Pressing (HIP): ua rau kom ntom thiab txo qhov porosity, tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb.
- Kev kho kom zoo nkauj: xuab zeb blasting, polishing, tua peening, lossis txheej.
- Kev ua haujlwm zaum kawg: kom ua tiav qhov kam rau siab ntawm cov qhov, cov dav hlau siv, lossis cov xov.
Kev ua tiav tom qab feem ntau yog qhov txiav txim siab ntawm tag nrho cov nqi, yog li kev npaj txij theem tsim qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb.
7. Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo thiab Kev Tshuaj Xyuas
Vim tias kev luam ntawv hlau 3D siv rau ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis siab, kev tswj xyuas zoo dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem suav nrog:
- Kev ntsuas qhov ntev: CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) lossis 3D scanning.
– Kev kuaj tsis ua puas tsuaj (NDT): CT scan, X-ray, zas xim nkag mus, thiab ultrasonic los nrhiav cov kab nrib pleb sab hauv lossis porosity.
- Kev ntsuam xyuas tshuab: tensile, hardness, impact, thiab qaug zog kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov lus qhia.
- Kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem: qee lub tshuab siv cov sensors ntawm cov pas dej yaj, cov koob yees duab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau cia kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem ruaj khov.
Hauv qee qhov kev lag luam, kev sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev taug qab cov khoom siv kuj yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, suav nrog cov hmoov ua pawg, cov kev luam ntawv, thiab cov kauj ruam tom qab ua tiav.
8. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev cov nyom hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau
Kev luam ntawv hlau 3D muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, xws li:
- Cov qauv tsim nyuaj yam tsis muaj nqi pwm,
- Kev txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom (lightweighting),
– Kev kho kom zoo dua qub ntawm cov qauv sab hauv,
- Kev ua qauv sai dua thiab kev tsim khoom tsawg,
- Kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom siv rau ib daim duab.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem kuj muaj tseeb:
- cov nqi tshuab thiab cov khoom siv siab,
- cov kev xav tau tom qab ua tiav tseem ceeb,
– kev tswj xyuas zoo nyuaj,
– kev txwv qhov loj ntawm qee cov thev naus laus zis,
- kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam thiab kev ntxhov siab seem.
Yog li ntawd, kev xaiv thev naus laus zis yuav tsum xav txog cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov, qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab cov hom phiaj nqi.
Kev kaw
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv 3D tsis yog tsuas yog "luam tawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv," tab sis yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov theem: kev tsim qauv tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim khoom ntxiv, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv, kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv, kev ua tiav tom qab los txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab qhov tseeb, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas zoo. Nrog rau kev siv raug, kev luam ntawv hlau 3D tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom ua tau zoo uas nyuaj lossis kim rau kev tsim khoom siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj. Mus tom ntej, cov thev naus laus zis no xav tias yuav siv dav dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev lag luam aerospace, tsheb, kev kho mob, lub zog, thiab kev tsim khoom raug uas xav tau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
