Kev Siv Metallurgy Hauv Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Khoos Phis Tawj
Metallurgy yog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho uas kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau thiab yuav ua li cas rho tawm, ntxuav, sib xyaw, thiab ua kom lawv zoo li cas kom haum rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Hauv ntiaj teb ntawm kev siv tshuab xov xwm, metallurgy ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb vim tias yuav luag txhua lub khoos phis tawj kho vajtse - los ntawm cov processors thiab motherboards mus rau cov khoom siv khaws cia thiab txawm tias casings - vam khom cov hlau thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw nrog cov yam ntxwv meej. Yog tsis muaj kev nce qib hauv metallurgy, cov khoos phis tawj niaj hnub no yuav tsis muaj qhov ceev, kev ntseeg siab, kev ua haujlwm thermal, thiab kev ruaj khov uas peb nyiam niaj hnub no.
1. Metallurgy ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv kho vajtse
Cov khoom siv khoos phis tawj muaj ntau yam khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke: cov khoom siv semiconductor (xws li silicon), cov polymers (plastics), cov khoom siv ceramics, thiab cov hlau. Ntawm cov no, cov hlau ua haujlwm ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv cua sov, cov ntaub thaiv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv hauv paus. Metallurgy tso cai rau cov chaw tsim khoom xaiv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws raws li lawv xav tau: kev ua tau zoo rau cov voj voog hluav taws xob, lub zog kho tshuab rau lub chassis, kev tiv thaiv corrosion rau cov connectors, thiab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kab ke txias.
Kev kawm txog hlau niaj hnub no tsis yog hais txog "yuav siv hlau dab tsi xwb," tab sis kuj hais txog seb cov khoom siv lub microstructure li cas - xws li qhov loj ntawm cov noob, theem alloy, thiab kev kho cua sov - cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo li cas. Kev tswj cov microstructure no yog qhov uas tso cai rau cov hlau kom tswj tau lub zog ntawm qhov kub siab, nyob ruaj khov tom qab ua kom sov dua, lossis ua kom pom kev tiv taus kev hnav nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag ntau zaus.
2. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: tooj liab, kub, thiab lawv cov khoom sib xyaw
Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv thov pom tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm metallurgy yog kev siv tooj liab (Cu) ua tus coj hluav taws xob hauv motherboards thiab cables. Tooj liab raug xaiv vim nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity siab heev, yooj yim ntawm kev ua duab, thiab tus nqi qis dua piv rau cov hlau muaj nqis. Ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm circuit boards (PCBs), cov txheej tooj liab raug tsim ua cov kab siv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom uas xav tau cov tuab thiab kev dawb huv tshwj xeeb. Metallurgy ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj hwm kev dawb huv tooj liab, vim tias cov khoom tsis huv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv thiab ua kom nrawm dua corrosion.
Lub caij no, kub (Au) feem ntau siv ua plating rau ntawm cov connectors—piv txwv li, RAM, PCIe connectors, thiab qee qhov chaw nres nkoj—vim nws tiv taus corrosion heev thiab muaj conductivity zoo. Txawm hais tias kim heev, ib txheej kub nyias txaus kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib cuag hluav taws xob ruaj khov mus sij hawm ntev. Hauv kev xyaum, plating metallurgy xav tau kev tswj hwm qhov tuab, kev nplaum, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov hlau hauv paus kom tiv thaiv chipping.
Ntxiv rau kub, nickel (Ni) kuj tseem siv tau ua ib txheej thaiv kom tiv thaiv cov hlau tsis sib kis, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov zoo ntawm kev sib cuag tsis zoo. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Cu-Ni-Au hauv cov khoom sib txuas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hlau ua kom zoo dua qub thiab lub neej ua haujlwm.
3. Kev sib txuas thiab kev sib txuas: los ntawm cov hlau lead tin mus rau cov hlau lead tsis muaj hlau lead
Kev tsim cov khoom siv khoos phis tawj muaj cov txheej txheem soldering siv los txuas cov khoom sib txuas rau lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm (PCB). Cov solders Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) ib zaug tau nrov vim lawv qhov melting point qis thiab yooj yim siv. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, kev lag luam tau hloov mus rau cov solders tsis muaj lead, xws li tin-silver-tooj liab alloy (SAC: Sn-Ag-Cu).
Qhov no yog qhov uas metallurgy ua qhov tseem ceeb. Cov hlau nplaum solder yuav tsum ua tau raws li ntau yam kev cai: lub ntsiab lus yaj uas haum rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, lub peev xwm ntub dej, lub zog kho tshuab, tiv taus kev tawg ntawm thermal qaug zog, thiab kev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov voj voog kub-txias rov ua dua. Metallurgy kawm txog kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw intermetallic ntawm cov solder thiab lub phaj tooj liab, vim tias cov txheej intermetallic tuab dhau tuaj yeem tsim cov pob qij txha tawg. Kev tswj cov khoom sib xyaw, cov qauv cua sov rov ua dua, thiab kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv pad yog txhua feem ntawm kev tsim kho hlau nplaum uas txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.
4. Kev tswj cua sov: txhuas, tooj liab, thiab cov khoom siv thermal
Cov khoos phis tawj niaj hnub no tsim ntau qhov kub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv CPU thiab GPU. Kev tswj qhov kub yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab lub neej ntev ntawm cov khoom. Metallurgy txhawb qhov no los ntawm kev xaiv thiab kev tsim cov heatsink, cov khoom faib cua sov, thiab cov yeeb nkab cua sov.
Aluminium (Al) yog siv dav rau cov heatsinks vim nws tsis hnyav, yooj yim extruded rau hauv cov fins txias, thiab pheej yig. Tooj liab, nrog nws cov thermal conductivity siab dua, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom uas xav tau kev hloov pauv cua sov sai, xws li cov hauv paus heatsink lossis cov kav dej cua sov. Hauv qee qhov kev tsim, heatsinks sib xyaw txhuas thiab tooj liab kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm thermal thiab qhov hnyav / tus nqi. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ua ke ob lub hlau sib txawv no kuj xav tau kev txiav txim siab metallurgical, xws li kev tiv thaiv galvanic corrosion thiab xyuas kom meej zoo thermal bonding.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lub tshuab cua sov ntawm lub processor siv cov khoom siv hlau uas muaj qhov zoo thiab tiaj tiaj kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib cuag zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov thermal paste. Txawm tias cov thermal paste nws tus kheej qee zaum muaj cov hlau lossis cov khoom ceramic kom ua rau muaj kev ua kom sov dua - txawm hais tias qhov no poob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, cov ntsiab cai metallurgical tseem ceeb hauv kev xaiv cov khoom me me thiab kev ruaj khov.
5. Cov qauv kho tshuab: casing, thav duab, thiab corrosion tsis kam
Cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li PC cases, laptop chassis, thiab cov enclosures sab hauv xav tau cov khoom siv khov kho tab sis tsis hnyav. Ntau lub desktop cases siv hlau rau nws lub zog thiab pheej yig, thaum cov khoom siv portable feem ntau siv txhuas lossis magnesium alloys rau qhov hnyav sib dua. Metallurgy pab txiav txim siab hom alloy thiab kev kho mob (xws li anodizing txhuas) los txhim kho kev hnav thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion thaum tseem muab qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj.
Hauv cov laptops zoo tshaj plaws, cov hlau txhuas uas ua los ntawm kev ua kom raug yuav tsum tau cov khoom siv uas sib xws thiab ruaj khov. Thaum xaiv cov hlau txhuas, metallurgy xav txog qhov nyuaj, kev siv tshuab, thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv. Txawm tias cov ntsiab lus me me xws li cov ntsia hlau thiab cov pob khawm yog cov ntawv thov ntawm metallurgy: kev xaiv cov hlau tsis xeb lossis cov hlau tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb lub pob khawm puas yuav ruaj khov tom qab ntau txhiab qhov qhib thiab kaw.
6. Kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv: lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov hlau hauv HDDs thiab SSDs
Hauv cov hard disk drives (HDDs), metallurgy yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. HDD platters yog ua los ntawm txhuas lossis iav coated nrog cov khoom siv sib nqus raws li cov hlau sib xyaw (xws li cobalt). Cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw - suav nrog qhov loj me ntawm cov noob thiab kev taw qhia siv lead ua - cuam tshuam rau qhov ceev cia. Lub taub hau nyeem-sau kuj siv cov txheej hlau nyias heev siv cov txheej txheem tso tawm siab.
Hauv cov solid-state drives (SSDs), txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia rau ntawm cov semiconductor chips, hlau tseem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib txuas, cov connector pads, thiab kev tiv thaiv. Ntxiv mus, ntau SSDs siv cov txhuas heatsinks los tswj qhov kub thiab tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm poob qis vim yog thermal throttling.
7. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub teeb liab
Cov khoom siv khoos phis tawj yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob (EMI). Hlau yog siv los ua kev tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj hluav taws xob lossis kev cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li suav nrog cov hlau tiv thaiv ntawm qee qhov ntawm cov motherboard, cov khoom siv fais fab (PSU), thiab cov txheej tiv thaiv ntawm cov xov hlau. Metallurgy pab xaiv cov ntaub ntawv uas tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam thaum yooj yim rau kev tsim khoom.
Kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov teeb liab ceev ceev kuj muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov zoo ntawm tus neeg xyuas hluav taws xob, kev tiv taus oxidation, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev sib cuag. Hauv cov khoom sib txuas ceev ceev, cov txheej tiv thaiv xws li kub thiab nickel tsis yog tsuas yog "tsis xeb xwb," tab sis kuj yog hais txog kev tswj hwm impedance thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv thoob plaws lub neej ntawm cov khoom.
8. Tej teeb meem ib puag ncig thiab kev siv dua tshiab: kev ua hlau ua kom ruaj khov
Kev lag luam kho vajtse hauv computer ntsib teeb meem loj heev: cov khib nyiab hluav taws xob (e-pov tseg). Metallurgy kuj ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm no los ntawm kev sib cais thiab rov qab tau cov hlau muaj nqis xws li kub, tooj liab, nyiaj, palladium, thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj los ntawm cov khoom siv siv. Pyrometallurgy (smelting) thiab hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching) cov txheej txheem siv los rho tawm cov hlau nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab uas yooj yim dua, kev txo qis kev siv hlau lom, thiab kev tsim khoom uas txhawb nqa kev rhuav tshem kuj yog ib feem ntawm txoj hauv kev niaj hnub no. Thaum cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab nce qib, kev vam khom rau kev khawb av tshiab, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau ib puag ncig, txo qis.
Xaus
Kev ua hlau yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas feem ntau tsis pom ntawm kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom siv computer. Txij li cov tooj liab ntawm PCBs, cov kub plating ntawm cov connectors, cov hlau lead-free solder alloys, cov txhuas thiab tooj liab heatsinks, mus rau cov khoom siv magnetic hauv HDDs - txhua yam yuav tsum tau nkag siab tob txog cov khoom siv hlau, alloys, cov txheej txheem tsim, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm qhov microscale. Kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoos phis tawj ceev dua, compact dua, thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo dua tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob xwb tab sis kuj nyob ntawm kev tsim khoom siv uas ua rau cov khoom siv ua haujlwm ruaj khov hauv qab qhov xwm txheej hnyav. Mus tom ntej, kev ua hlau yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tsav tsheb siv hluav taws xob zoo, txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab rau kev lag luam thev naus laus zis ruaj khov dua.
