Piv txwv cov lus nug thiab kev sib tham txog cov Enzymes
Cov enzymes yog cov biomolecules tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem biological, ua haujlwm ua cov catalysts los ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov cell sai dua. Yog tsis muaj enzymes, ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kab mob muaj sia yuav ua qeeb dhau los txhawb txoj sia. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog ntau qhov teeb meem piv txwv ntsig txog enzymes, nrog rau lawv cov kev sib tham thiab kev piav qhia.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Cov Enzymes
Cov enzymes yog cov protein uas muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb los ua kom cov tshuaj lom neeg sai dua yam tsis hloov pauv tas mus li hauv cov txheej txheem. Txhua lub enzyme muaj ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb hu ua qhov chaw ua haujlwm, qhov twg lub substrate (lub molecule uas tab tom ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) khi. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov enzymes yog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, uas yog lawv lub peev xwm los paub tsuas yog ib lossis ob peb hom substrate.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov enzymes ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, uas yog lub zog uas xav tau los pib ua haujlwm. Los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua haujlwm, cov enzymes tso cai rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom ua haujlwm sai dua thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo dua ntawm qhov kub ntawm lub cev ib txwm muaj.
Cov Lus Nug thiab Kev Sib Tham Piv Txwv
Cov hauv qab no yog ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug ntsig txog cov enzymes uas feem ntau ntsib hauv cov lus qhia biology, nrog rau lawv cov kev sib tham.
Lo Lus Nug 1: Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Enzymes hauv Lub Cev zom zaub mov
Lo lus nug:
Piav qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes hauv tib neeg lub cev zom zaub mov. Hais tsawg kawg yog peb lub enzymes zom zaub mov thiab lawv cov haujlwm.
Kev Sib Tham:
Cov enzymes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev zom zaub mov los ntawm kev rhuav cov khoom noj kom yooj yim dua kom lub cev nqus tau. Nov yog qee cov enzymes zom zaub mov tseem ceeb thiab lawv cov haujlwm:
1. Amylase: Cov enzyme no yog tsim tawm hauv cov qog salivary thiab pancreas. Amylase rhuav cov complex carbohydrates, xws li starch, mus rau hauv cov suab thaj yooj yim (maltose). Cov txheej txheem no pib zom cov carbohydrate hauv qhov ncauj thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv me.
2. Pepsin: Tsim tawm hauv lub plab, pepsin yog ib qho enzyme uas rhuav cov protein ua cov peptides me me. Ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov chaw acidic uas lub plab muab, pepsin pib cov txheej txheem zom cov protein.
3. Lipase: Lipase yog tsim los ntawm lub pancreas thiab ua haujlwm los zom cov rog. Cov enzyme no rhuav cov triglycerides ua cov roj fatty acids dawb thiab monoglycerides, uas ua rau lawv raug nqus los ntawm txoj hnyuv me.
Lo Lus Nug 2: Lub Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm ntawm Enzyme
Lo lus nug:
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "xauv thiab tus yuam sij" hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme yog dab tsi?
Kev Sib Tham:
Tus qauv "xauv thiab tus yuam sij" piav qhia txog seb cov enzymes thiab cov substrates sib cuam tshuam li cas. Hauv tus qauv no, qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme muaj ib daim duab tshwj xeeb uas tsuas yog khi tau los ntawm cov substrate nrog ib daim duab sib txuas, zoo li tus yuam sij uas tsuas yog qhib tau ib lub xauv tshwj xeeb. Yog li, tsuas yog cov substrate raug thiaj li ua rau cov enzyme ua haujlwm catalytic.
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev tshawb fawb tau nce qib, tus qauv no tau raug txhim kho nrog tus qauv "induced fit", uas hais tias thaum lub substrate mus txog ib qho enzyme, qhov chaw nquag tuaj yeem hloov kho nws cov duab kom sib cuam tshuam nrog lub substrate kom meej dua.
Lo Lus Nug 3: Cov Yam Cuam Tshuam Rau Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Enzyme
Lo lus nug:
Sau npe thiab piav qhia peb yam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme!
Kev Sib Tham:
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog:
1. Kub: Kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qee qhov kub (kub zoo tshaj plaws). Thaum kub qis, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic feem ntau qeeb vim tsis muaj lub zog kinetic hauv cov molecule. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kub siab dhau tuaj yeem ua rau denaturation, uas yog kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv peb-seem ntawm cov enzyme, ua rau nws poob nws txoj haujlwm.
2. pH: Txhua lub enzyme muaj pH zoo tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, pepsin ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pH li ntawm 2, thaum amylase ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pH nruab nrab. pH tsis tsim nyog tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov them ntawm cov enzyme lossis substrate, cuam tshuam kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm.
3. Kev Sib Sau Ua Ke thiab Enzyme Concentration: Kev nce qhov concentration ntawm substrate feem ntau ua rau qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke nce ntxiv mus txog thaum nws mus txog qhov saturation, qhov twg tag nrho cov enzymes muaj tsim cov complexes nrog lub substrate. Thaum lub sijhawm no, kev nce ntxiv ntawm qhov concentration ntawm substrate tsis ua rau qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke nce ntxiv.
Lo lus nug 4: Cov tshuaj enzyme inhibitors
Lo lus nug:
Piav qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib tw thiab cov tshuaj tsis sib tw hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov enzymes!
Kev Sib Tham:
Cov tshuaj enzyme inhibitors yog cov molecules uas txo cov enzyme ua haujlwm, thiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom raws li lawv cov mechanism ntawm kev ua haujlwm:
1. Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kev Sib Tw: Cov molecule no sib tw ncaj qha nrog lub substrate rau kev khi rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme. Yog li ntawd, cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib tw tuaj yeem txo qis los ntawm kev nce qhov concentration ntawm lub substrate.
2. Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Tsis Sib Tw: Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no khi rau cov enzyme ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm, hloov cov duab ntawm cov enzyme kom nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo txawm tias nws qhov chaw ua haujlwm raug khi los ntawm cov substrate. Kev nce qhov concentration ntawm cov substrate tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej qhov kev txwv no tag nrho.
Xaus
Cov enzymes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam txheej txheem hauv lub neej los ntawm kev pab txhawb cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo dua. Kev nkag siab txog lawv cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme, thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau biology. Los ntawm kev kawm cov lus nug no thiab sib tham txog lawv, peb tuaj yeem nkag mus tob dua rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nyuaj thiab txaus nyiam ntawm cov enzymes.
