Ka wehewehe ʻana o ke aniani hoʻonui Loupe
ʻO ka loupe a i ʻole ke aniani hoʻonui he aniani convex i hoʻohana ʻia e kōkua i ka maka e ʻike i kahi mea paʻakikī ke nānā pololei me ka maka. Ua kapa ʻia ka loupe he magnifier maʻalahi no ka mea he palena kona hiki ke hoʻonui i ke kiʻi o kahi mea. Ma ka haʻawina aʻe, e aʻo ʻoe e pili ana i nā mea hoʻonui ʻaʻole maʻalahi e like me nā microscope, a pēlā aku.
Pehea ia hana
Ke nānā ʻia ma kahi kokoke, ʻike ʻia kahi mea he nui, akā ke nānā ʻia mai kahi mamao loa, me he mea lā he liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā mea kokoke i kahi nui ma muli o ka nui o ke kiʻi o nā mea i hana ʻia ma ka retina. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea like, ke nānā ʻia mai kahi mamao loa, me he mea lā he liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka nui o ke kiʻi i hana ʻia ma ka retina, he liʻiliʻi. No laila, ʻo ka nui o kahi mea i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka nui o ke kiʻi o ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka retina. ʻO nā kiʻi nui a liʻiliʻi paha o nā mea i hana ʻia ma ka retina e pili ana i ke kihi i hana ʻia ma waena o ka maka a me ka mea, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei.
ʻIke ʻia nā mea mamao loa mai ka maka he ʻano liʻiliʻi no ka mea he mau kihi liʻiliʻi ko lākou (θ) (Kiʻi 1.1). I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia nā mea kokoke i nā maka he ʻano koʻikoʻi no ka mea he kihi nui ko lākou (Kiʻi 1.2). Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia a hoʻemi ʻia paha ka nui o ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka maka ma ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kihi (θ). Hoʻonui ʻia ke kihi ma ka lawe ʻana mai i ka maka a kokoke i ka mea. A i ʻole, hoʻemi ʻia ke kihi ma ka mālama ʻana i ka maka mai ka mea aku.
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka loiloi ma luna nei i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi pīʻāpā liʻiliʻi loa a paʻakikī iā ʻoe ke heluhelu, he aha kāu e hana ai e heluhelu i ka kikokikona? Ma muli o ka loiloi ma luna, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokokoke i ka pīʻāpā i ka maka i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kihi i hana ʻia ma waena o ka pīʻāpā a me nā maka, i lilo ai ke kākau ʻana i mea nui a hiki ke heluhelu ʻia. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ke kiko kokoke o ka maka maʻamau a i ʻole ka mamao kokoke loa e hiki ke kālele ʻia ma ka maka maʻamau he 25 kenimika,
No laila, inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mamao ma waena o ka pīʻāpā a me ka maka ma mua o 25 kenimika, ʻike ʻia ka pīʻāpā he blurry. ʻO kahi pīʻāpā hiki ke heluhelu ʻia mai kahi mamao o 25 kenimika wale nō, me he mea lā ua blurry ke lawe ʻia mai i kahi kokoke i ka mamao ma waena o ka pīʻāpā a me nā maka ma lalo o 25 kenimika. A laila pehea e hiki ai ke heluhelu i ka pīʻāpā me ka nui o ka font liʻiliʻi? ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono ʻoe i ke kōkua o kahi mea hana optical e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pīʻāpā.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana maka e like me nā aniani ākea, nā aniani concave a me nā aniani convex e heluhelu i ka pīʻāpā no ka mea ʻaʻole moakaka ke aniani. Akā, he moakaka ke aniani, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e heluhelu i ka pīʻāpā. Ma ke haʻawina o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kiʻi e ka aniani concave, ua wehewehe ʻia hiki i ka aniani concave ke hoʻēmi wale i ke kiʻi o kahi mea. Ma ke kumuhana o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kiʻi e ka aniani convex, ua wehewehe ʻia hiki i ka aniani convex ke hoʻonui i ke kiʻi o kahi mea, no laila hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia ka aniani convex e like me ka loupe a i ʻole ke aniani hoʻonui.
Ma ke kiʻi 1.3, ʻike pololei ʻia nā mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka maka, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā mea he liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kihi ma waena o nā maka a me nā wēlau ʻelua o ka mea, he liʻiliʻi. Ma ke kiʻi 1.4, ʻike ka maka i nā mea ma o ka loupe. Hana ka loupe e hana i ke kiʻi a hoʻonui i ke kiʻi i mea e ʻike ʻia ai e ka maka he kiʻi. ʻIke ʻia ke kiʻi o ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka maka ma o ka loupe he mea nui aʻe no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kihi i hana ʻia ma waena o ka maka a me nā wēlau ʻelua o ke kiʻi.
No ka ʻike ʻana o ka maka o ka mea nānā kiʻi ma o ka hoʻākāka nui ʻana, ka kiʻi pono e virtual (ka kiʻi aia ma ke alo o ka lʻoupe, Ai ole ia o ka kiʻi aia ma ka ʻaoʻao like me ka mea, e like me ke Kiʻi 1.4). E pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kiʻi e ka lens convex, ua wehewehe ʻia no ka kiʻi e lilo i virtual, ka mea pono ka mamao (do) e liʻiliʻi a like paha me ke kiko kikowaena loa (f).
s = do = ka mamao o ka mea
s' = di = ka mamao o ke kiʻi
h = ho = ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea
h' = hi = ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻi
F = ke kiko kikowaena
θ = ke kihi ma waena o ke aniani a me nā wēlau ʻelua o ka mea. Ma ke kiʻi 1.3, ʻo ke aniani i nīnau ʻia ʻo ia ka maka maka, ʻoiai, ma ke kiʻi 1.4, ʻo ke aniani i nīnau ʻia he aniani convex i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he loupe.
Ma ke Kiʻi 1.3 (ke nānā aku nei ke kiʻi i ka ʻaoʻao), aia ka mea ma ka hema ʻoiai aia ka maka o ka mea nānā ma ka ʻākau. Ma ke Kiʻi 1.4 (ke nānā aku nei ke kiʻi i ka ʻaoʻao), aia nā mea a me ke kiʻi o nā mea i hana ʻia e kahi aniani convex ma ka hema ʻoiai aia ka maka o ka mea nānā ma ka ʻākau.
Pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka lʻoupe
Ke like ka mamao o ka mea (do) me ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena (f), he virtual ke kiʻi a ʻo ka mamao o ke kiʻi (di) ma ka palena ʻole. ʻO ka palena ʻole ka mamao kiʻi virtual kiʻekiʻe loa no ka mea ʻo ke kiko mamao o ka maka maʻamau he palena ʻole. Akā, ʻo ka mamao kiʻi virtual liʻiliʻi loa he 25 cm no ka mea ʻo ke kiko kokoke o ka maka maʻamau he 25 cm.
Ke ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao palena ʻole (kiko mamao), loaʻa i nā maka kahi noho liʻiliʻi loa, a i ʻole e hoʻomaha loa nā ʻiʻo ciliary o ka maka. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, pono e like ka mamao ma waena o ka mea a me ka loupe me ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena. Inā he 25 cm ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā mea a me ka loupe he 25 cm.
I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao o 25 cm (kokoke i kahi kiko), hoʻokipa nā maka i nā ʻiʻo nui a i ʻole nā ʻiʻo ciliary i ke kūlana paʻa loa. Inā he 25 cm ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe, a laila ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao o 25 cm ke like ka mamao o ka mea me ka hopena helu ma lalo nei.
ʻO ke kaulike o ka lens a me ke aniani convex:
1/do = 1/f – 1/di
ʻo = ka mamao o ka mea, f = ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena, di = ka mamao o ke kiʻi = ke kiko kokoke = 25 kenimika
He aniani convex ka loupe i mea e maikaʻi ai ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena. ʻO ke kiʻi virtual i mea e maikaʻi ʻole ai ka mamao o ke kiʻi (di).
1/hana = 1/f – (-1/di) = 1/f + 1/di
1/hana = 1/25 + 1/25 = 2/25
hana = 25/2 = 12.5 kenimika
Inā he 25 kenimika ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe, ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao o 25 kenimika ke mamao ʻo 12.5 kenimika. ʻAʻole pono ka mamao ma waena o ka mea a me ka loupe ma lalo o 12.5 kenimika no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka maka ke ʻike i ke kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka loupe.
He aha inā he 50 kenimika ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe? Inā he 50 kenimika ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe, ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao o 25 kenimika ke like ka mamao me ka hopena helu ma lalo.
1/hana = 1/f – (-1/di) = 1/f + 1/di
1/hana = 1/50 + 1/25 = 1/50 + 2/50 = 3/50
hana = 50/3 = 16.67 kenimika
Inā he 50 kenimika ka lōʻihi o ke kikowaena o ka loupe, ʻike ka maka i kahi kiʻi virtual ma kahi mamao o 25 kenimika ke mamao ka mea he 16.7 kenimika. ʻAʻole pono ka mamao ma waena o ka mea a me ka loupe e emi ma mua o 16.7 kenimika no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia ke kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka loupe e ka maka.
