ʻO ke kumumanaʻo Kinetic o nā kinoea a me ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā
1. Aia nā kinoea kūpono i loko o kahi pahu me ka nui o 4 lita a ʻo kona kaomi he 3 atm (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Hoʻomehana ʻia nā kinoea kūpono ma ke kaomi mau mai 27 ° C a i 87 ° C. ʻO ka mana wela o ke kinoea he 9 JK -1 . He aha ka nui hope o nā kinoea a me ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o nā kinoea?
pāʻoihana
Kaʻina hana Isobaric (kaomi mau)
ʻIke ʻia:
ʻO ka nui mua o ke kinoea (V 1 ) = 4 lita
ʻO ka mahana mua o ke kinoea (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
ʻO ka mahana hope loa o ke kinoea (T 2 ) = 87 o C + 273 = 360 K
Ke kaomi o ke kinoea (P) = 3 atm = 3 x 10 5 Nm -2
ʻO ka hiki ke wela o ke kinoea (C) = 9 JK -1
Makemake ʻia: ʻO ka nui hope loa o ke kinoea (V 2 ) a me ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o ke kinoea (ΔU)
Lōlā:
E hoʻoholo i ka nui hope loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ke kānāwai o Charles (kaʻina hana isobaric a i ʻole ke kaomi mau):
Ka loli o ka leo:
1 lita = 0.001 m3
Ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 4 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.004 m 3
Ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 4.8 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.0048 m 3
ʻO ka loli o ka leo (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.0048 m 3 – 0.004 m 3 = 0.008 m 3.
Ka loli o ka mahana:
ʻO ka loli o ka mahana (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 360 K – 300 K = 60 K
E hoʻoholo i ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko (ΔU) o ke kinoea kūpono me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics.
ʻΔU = Q – W
ʻO ΔU = ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko, Q = wela, W = hana
E hoʻoholo i ka hana (W) ma ke kaomi mau:
W = P ΔV = (3 x 10 5 )(0.0008) = (3 x 10 1 )(8) = (30)(8) = 240 Joules
E hoʻoholo i ka wela (Q) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ka mana wela (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C)(ΔT) = (9)(60) = 540 Joule
E hoʻoholo i ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko:
ʻO ΔU = Q – W = 540 Joules – 240 Joules = 300 Joules.
2. Aia he 6 lita o nā kinoea kūpono ma 2 atm i loko o kahi pahu (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Hoʻomehana ʻia ke kinoea mai 27 o C a i 77 o C ma ke kaomi mau. Inā ʻo ka hiki ke wela o ke kinoea he 5 JK -1 , he aha ka nui hope loa a me ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o ke kinoea.
Lōlā:
Kaʻina hana Isobaric (kaomi mau)
ʻIke ʻia:
ʻO ka nui mua o nā kinoea kūpono (V 1 ) = 6 lita
ʻO ka mahana mua o nā kinoea kūpono (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
ʻO ka mahana hope loa o nā kinoea kūpono (T 2 ) = 77 o C + 273 = 350 K
ʻO ke kaomi o nā kinoea kūpono (P) = 2 atm = 2 x 10 5 Nm -2
ʻO ka hiki ke wela o nā kinoea (C) = 5 JK -1
Makemake ʻia: ʻO ka nui hope loa o ke kinoea (V 2 ) a me ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o ke kinoea (ΔU)
Lōlā:
E hoʻoholo i ka nui hope loa o ke kinoea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ke kānāwai o Charles (kaʻina hana isobaric a i ʻole ke kaomi mau):
Ka loli o ka leo:
1 lita = 0.001 m3
ʻO ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 6 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.006 m 3
ʻO ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 7 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.007 m 3
ʻO ka loli o ka leo (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.007 m 3 – 0.006 m 3 = 0.001 m 3
Ka loli o ka mahana:
Ka loli o ka mahana (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 350 K – 300 K = 50 K
E hoʻoholo i ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko (ΔU) o nā kinoea kūpono me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics.
ʻΔU = Q – W
ʻO ΔU = ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko, Q = wela, W = hana
E hoʻoholo i ka hana (W) ma ke kaomi mau:
W = P ΔV = (2 x 10 5 )(0.001) = (2 x 10 2 )(1) = (200)(1) = 200 Joules
E hoʻoholo i ka wela (Q) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o ka mana wela (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C)(ΔT) = (5)(50) = 250 Joule
E hoʻoholo i ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko:
ʻO ΔU = Q – W = 250 Joules – 200 Joules = 50 Joules.
- He aha nā kuhiakau nui o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic o nā kinoea?
- pane mai: Manaʻo ke kumumanaʻo kinetic o nā kinoea: (a) Aia nā kinoea i kahi helu nui o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e neʻe mau ana; (b) Ua mamao loa kēia mau ʻāpana e pili ana i ko lākou nui; (c) ʻO nā kuʻi ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana kinoea, a i ʻole ma waena o kahi ʻāpana a me nā paia o kona pahu, he elastic (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ikehu kinetic i nalowale); (d) ʻAʻohe mana intermolecular ma waena o nā ʻāpana kinoea; a (e) ʻO ka ikehu kinetic awelika o nā ʻāpana kinoea e pili pono ana i ka mahana piha o ke kinoea.
- Pehea e pili ai ka ikehu kinetic awelika o nā molekala kinoea i ka mahana o ke kinoea?
- pane mai: Ua like pololei ka ikehu kinetic awelika o nā molekala kinoea me ka mahana piha (ma Kelvin) o ke kinoea. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, piʻi pū ka ikehu kinetic awelika o nā molekala.
- He aha ke koʻikoʻi o ka zero loa ma ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka molekala?
- pane mai: ʻO ka zero loa (0 Kelvin) ma ke kumumanaʻo ka mahana e pau ai ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala āpau. Hōʻike ia i ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa kahi hiki ʻole i kekahi mea ke anuanu a ʻaʻohe ikehu wela i koe i loko o kahi mea.
- He aha ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics e pili ana i ka ikehu kūloko, ka wela, a me ka hana?
- pane mai: ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics ua like ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko o kahi ʻōnaehana me ka wela i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ma kona wahi a puni: ΔU = Q – W.
- I loko o ke kaʻina hana isochoric, he aha ka mea e hana ʻia i ka hana i hana ʻia e a i ʻole ma ka ʻōnaehana?
- pane mai: I loko o ke kaʻina hana isochoric, mau ka nui. No laila, ʻaʻohe hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ma luna o ka ʻōnaehana, no ka mea, hāʻawi ʻia ka hana ma ia mau hihia e ka hana pressure-volume, ʻo ia hoʻi he zero inā ʻaʻole e loli ka nui.
- He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo ʻana he "kūpono" ke kinoea?
- pane mai: ʻO ke kinoea "kūpono" kekahi e hahai ana i ke kānāwai kinoea kūpono (PV = nRT) ma lalo o nā kūlana āpau o ka mahana a me ke kaomi. ʻO ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hahai pono ʻana o ke kinoea i nā postulates o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, me ka ʻole o nā ikaika intermolecular a me nā collisions elastic kūpono.
- Pehea e ʻokoʻa ai ke ʻano o nā kinoea maoli mai ke ʻano o nā kinoea kūpono?
- pane mai: ʻOkoʻa nā kinoea maoli mai ke ʻano kūpono ma nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke alo o nā mana intermolecular a me ka nui palena o nā molekala kinoea. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻokoʻa e ka hoohalike van der Waals a me nā hoohalike like ʻē aʻe.
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No ke aha e hiki ai ke manaʻo ʻia ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics he kānāwai mālama?
- pane mai: Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics he kānāwai mālama no ka mea ke ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia a luku ʻia paha ka ikehu, hoʻoili wale ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia paha mai kekahi ʻano i kekahi. Hōʻike kēia i ke kumumanaʻo o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.
