ʻAtikala e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi uila i loko o nā ʻātoma
E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kekahi o nā mea a puni ʻoe. Inā ʻoe e luku i kahi mea, no ka laʻana, he pōhaku ia, e māhele ʻia ka pōhaku i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Inā e luku hou ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka pōhaku, e lilo nā ʻāpana pōhaku i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Pehea inā e luku hou ʻia ka pōhaku? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pōhaku. Hiki ke luku ʻia nā pōhaku i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā ʻāpana palena ʻole? Hōʻike ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua māhele ʻia kahi mea i nā mea liʻiliʻi e hiki i kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke māhele ʻia ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mea i nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea hiki ʻole ke māhele ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻātoma. No laila, ʻo nā ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kēlā me kēia mea o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
Ua haku ʻia nā ʻātoma me nā electrons, protons, a me nā neutrons. Hoʻokumu nā protons a me nā neutrons i nā nuclei atomika he 10-15 mika ka lōʻihi. Aia nā electrons ma waho o ka nucleus a neʻe a puni ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma e like me nā hōkūhele e neʻe ana a puni ka lā. Inā manaʻo ʻia he mau kilomita ke anawaena o ka ʻātoma, a laila ʻo ka nucleus atomika ka nui o ka pōpō billiard.
a aia nā electrons ma waena o ka nucleus a hiki i kahi mamao o kahi 10 -10 mika mai ke kikowaena. Ma waena o ke kikowaena a me kahi electron, aia kahi ākea.
Aia nā electrons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ma ka lihi o nā ʻātoma a aia nā protons i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka nucleus atomika. I mea e hoʻomau ai nā electrons i ke kaʻapuni ʻana i ka nucleus a ʻaʻole e pakele i ka ʻātoma, pono ka nucleus atomika i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻokau i kahi ikaika hoihoi ma luna o ka electron. ʻO ka ikaika e huki ai i nā electrons e noho a puni ka nucleus a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ʻātoma ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka ikaika uila.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i loko o ka nucleus atomika, aia nā proton i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia no laila pono nā proton e kipaku kekahi i kekahi ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi like. I mea e noho pū ai nā proton i loko o ka nucleus a ʻaʻole e kaʻawale mai ka ʻātoma, pono e loaʻa kahi ikaika e hoʻohui i nā proton. ʻO ka ikaika e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā proton e noho pū i loko o ka nucleus atomika ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikaika nukelea.
ʻAneʻane like ka nuipa proton me ka nuipa neutron. Ma kahi o 99.9% o ka nuipa atomika e kau ana ma ke kikowaena o ka nucleus atomika, ʻoiai he mau nuipa liʻiliʻi ko nā electrons. Nuipa o ka electron (me) = 9.1093897 x 10 -31 kg, nuipa o ka neutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10 -27 kg, nuipa o ka proton (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Ka nui o ka uila
He maikaʻi ʻole nā electrons, he maikaʻi nā protons, a he kūlike ʻole nā neutrons. Hana ʻia nā protons a i ʻole neutrons me nā quarks, nona ka ± 1/3 a me ± 2/3 manawa ka nui o ka uku o nā electrons. ʻO nā Quarks nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa e hana i nā ʻātoma, akā a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā quarks e kū hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka nui o ka uku uila a i ʻole ka uku proton ke anakahi kumu o ka uku. ʻO ka uku uila o kahi mea he hoʻonui o ka uku uila a i ʻole ka uku proton. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he uku quantized. No ka laʻana, inā ʻo ka hapa liʻiliʻi loa o ke kālā a mākou e hoʻohana ai he 1, a laila ʻo ka nui o ke kālā a kekahi kanaka i ʻōlelo ai ma nā hoʻonui o ke kālā liʻiliʻi loa he 1. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o kaʻu kālā he 2 a me 3.
ʻO ka nui o ka uku no kahi electron he –e a ʻo ka nui o ka uku no kahi proton he +e. ʻO ka nui o ka uku o kahi mea he nui o e a i ʻole 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e Q = ± Ne. Q = helu o nā uku, ± ke hōʻike nei i ke ʻano o ka uku, N = helu holoʻokoʻa, e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Ka hoʻoili uila i nā mea
Inā he nui nā electrons o kahi ʻātoma e like me ka proton, a laila ʻo ka huina o ka uila i loko o ka ʻātoma he ʻole, a he kūlike ʻole kēia ʻātoma a ʻaʻole paha i hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka uila. ʻO ka helu o nā protons a i ʻole nā electrons i loko o kahi ʻātoma kūlike ʻole ua kapa ʻia he helu atomic (Z). Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons ma mua o ka proton, a laila ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka ʻātoma. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā emi nā electrons ma mua o nā protons, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia lākou. Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole he mau ion maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia he mau ion maikaʻi. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka loaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā electrons mai kahi ʻātoma ua kapa ʻia he ionization. Ke ʻōlelo mākou, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kahi ʻātoma, ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka uku net. No ka laʻana, he 10 mau electrons a me 7 mau protons o kahi ʻātoma. Ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia kēia ʻātoma no ka mea he ʻoi aku o 3 mau electrons. No laila, ʻo ka uku net o kēia ʻātoma he 3, a he maikaʻi ʻole kēia ʻano o ka uku atomic. ʻO nā kiʻi 3, 7, 10 he mau laʻana wale nō e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka uku uila o kahi mea he nui o ka uku electron a i ʻole ka uku proton.
Inā like ka nui o nā electrons o kahi mea me nā protons, a laila kūlike ʻole ka mea a ʻaʻole paha i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka uila. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons o kahi mea ma mua o ka proton, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka mea, akā inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā electrons o kahi mea ma mua o ka proton, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā mea i kūlike ʻole i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā electrons i ka mea. A i ʻole, hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā electrons i loko o ka mea.
