Ilimin Lissafi na Makarantar Sakandare

Fahimtar Tsarin da Muhalli

Tsarin abu ne ko rukunin abubuwa da ake nazari a kansu. Sauran abubuwa a cikin sararin samaniya ana kiransu muhalli. Yawanci, tsarin yana raba shi da muhallinsa ta hanyar "raba/ƙayyade/raba".

Misali, bari mu ce muna son mu binciki ruwa a cikin thermos. Ruwan da ke cikin thermos shine tsarin, yayin da iska da sauran abubuwa a wajen thermos sune muhalli. Bangon thermos, duka gilashin da ke ciki da kuma filastik a waje, suna aiki a matsayin mai rabawa. thermos na ruwa misali ne.

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Fahimtar Zafin Latent

Idan ka saka ma'aunin zafi na mercury a cikin akwati da ke ɗauke da cakuda ruwan sanyi da kankara, za ka lura cewa bayan ka sauka ƙasa, saman mercury yana nan ko baya motsi. Saman mercury yana daina motsi bayan ya isa wurin narkewar ruwa ko wurin daskarewar ruwa (0 ^oC ). Idan akwatin a buɗe yake, zafi yana gudana daga iska a mafi yawan zafin jiki zuwa ga cakuda kankara da ruwa a ƙaramin zafin jiki. Ƙarin zafi daga iska yana sa kankara ta narke. Yayin da kankara ke narkewa, shin zafin cakuda kankara da ruwa yana canzawa? Yayin da kankara ke narkewa, zafin cakuda ruwa da kankara ba ya canzawa.

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Takamaiman zafi (c) shine adadin zafi (Q) da ake buƙata don ɗaga zafin jiki (T) na nauyin raka'a ɗaya (m) na wani abu da digiri ɗaya. Tsarin c shine:

Tsarin Raka'o'i na Ƙasa da Ƙasa shine J/Kg K.

Takamaiman zafin abu yana canzawa tare da zafin jiki. Idan canjin zafin bai yi yawa ba, ana iya ɗaukar ƙimar a matsayin mai dorewa. Ga waɗannan ƙimar c ga abubuwa da yawa a matsin lamba na 1 atm da zafin jiki na 20 ^° C (wanda aka samu ta hanyar gwaji).

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Idan abubuwa masu yanayin zafi daban-daban suka haɗu da juna, zafi ta halitta yana motsawa daga abin da ke da yanayin zafi mafi girma zuwa abin da ke da yanayin zafi mafi ƙanƙanta. Canja wurin zafi yana tsayawa da zarar abubuwa biyu sun kai daidaiton yanayin zafi . Ana iya cewa canja wurin zafi yana haifar da canji a yanayin zafin abubuwan da ke hulɗa. Dangane da wannan ɗan gajeren bayani, an kammala da cewa zafi (Q) yana da alaƙa da abu da canjin yanayin zafi (delta T) na wannan abu. Kowane abu yana da taro (m) kuma nau'in abu ma ya bambanta.

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Nau'in zafi shine kalori (wanda aka taƙaita kal). kalori shine adadin zafi da ake buƙata don ɗaga zafin gram 1 na ruwa da 1 C ⁽ daidai daga 14,5 ^o C zuwa 15,5 ^o C). Adadin zafi da ake buƙata ya bambanta ga yanayin zafi daban-daban na ruwa . Don irin wannan adadin zafi, ƙaruwar zafin ruwa na 1 ^C yana faruwa ne kawai tsakanin 14,5 ^o C da 15,5 ^o C. Nau'in zafi da ake amfani da shi akai-akai, musamman don bayyana ƙimar kuzarin abinci, shine kilocalories (kcal). 1 kcal = kalori 1000. Wani suna na 1 kcal = kalori 1 (babban K). Nau'in zafi na tsarin Burtaniya shine Btu (naúrar zafi ta Burtaniya). 1 Btu = adadin zafi da ake buƙata don ɗaga zafin fam 1 na ruwa da 1 F ⁽ daidai daga 63 ^o F zuwa 64 ^o F).

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Fahimtar Matsalolin Ruwa

Kowane abu yana faɗaɗa (ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa) lokacin da zafin abin ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu (ƙarfin yana raguwa) lokacin da zafin abin ya ragu. Ruwa kuma yana faɗaɗa lokacin da zafin ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu lokacin da zafin ya ragu, amma ba a yanayin zafi na 0 ^o C - 4 ^o C ba. Tsakanin yanayin zafi na 0 ^o C da 4 ^o C, yawan ruwan yana raguwa (ruwa yana raguwa) yayin da zafin ya ƙaru. Idan muka dumama ruwa a zafin jiki na 0 ^o C, yayin da ruwan ya fi zafi, yawan ruwan yana raguwa. Tsarin raguwa yana tsayawa lokacin da ruwan ya kai zafin jiki na 4 ^o C. Sama da 4 ^o C, yawan ruwan yana ƙaruwa (ruwa yana faɗaɗa) yayin da zafin ya ƙaru. Akasin haka, ruwa yana faɗaɗa (ƙarfin ruwa yana ƙaruwa) lokacin da zafin ya ragu daga 4 ^o C zuwa 0 ^o C. Wannan baƙon ruwa ana kiransa da rashin daidaituwar ruwa.

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Idan ka lura da kebul na lantarki sosai, za ka lura cewa suna lanƙwasa ƙasa saboda rashin ƙarfi. Me yasa ake sassauta kebul na lantarki da gangan, maimakon kawai a sanya su cikin damuwa? Yawancin rufin a Flores da Lembata, Gabashin Nusa Tenggara, an yi su da zinc (Zn). Da rana ko da dare, rufin zinc yana yin hayaniya. Me yasa zinc ke yin hayaniya? Idan kana zaune a tsibirin Java, wataƙila ka lura da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. Akwai gibi a gidajen layin dogo. Menene aikin waɗannan gibi a gidajen layin dogo? Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za ka iya tunani a kansu da kuma tambaya a kansu dangane da batun faɗaɗawa.

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Idan muka daidaita nau'ikan ma'aunin zafi daban-daban, misali ma'aunin zafi na mercury da ma'aunin zafi na barasa, ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi biyu iri ɗaya ne kawai a 0 ^oC (ko 32 ^oF ) da 100 ^oC (ko 212 ^oF ). Idan muka yi amfani da ma'aunin zafi biyu don auna zafin iska, lambobin da kowace ma'aunin zafi ya nuna ba lallai ne su zama iri ɗaya ba. Wataƙila ma'aunin zafi na mercury yana nuna 48 ^oC , yayin da ma'aunin zafi na barasa yana nuna 46 ^oC . Wannan saboda yawan faɗaɗa mercury da barasa ya bambanta. Haka kuma da sauran nau'ikan ma'aunin zafi, kamar ma'aunin zafi na bimetallic, da sauransu. Ma'aunin zafin da aka ƙayyade ta wannan hanyar ya dogara sosai akan halayen kayan da aka yi amfani da su.

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Sikelin Celsius da Fahrenheit ma'aunin zafin jiki daban-daban ne. Idan aka auna zafin abu kuma aka bayyana shi a Celsius sannan muka so mu bayyana zafin abin a Fahrenheit, za mu canza daga Celsius zuwa Fahrenheit. A cikin wannan sashe, za mu koyi yadda ake canza ko aiwatar da canje-canjen zafin jiki.

A matsin lamba na 1 atm, zafin wurin kankara na ma'aunin zafi na Celsius = 0 ^oC, yayin da ma'aunin zafi na Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Akasin haka, a matsin lamba na atm 1, zafin zafin tururin ma'aunin zafi na ma'aunin Celsius = 100 ^oC, yayin da ma'aunin zafi na Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF. Ka lura da hoton da ke ƙasa!

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Nau'in Sikelin Ma'aunin Zafin Jiki

Domin a yi amfani da ma'aunin zafi don auna zafin jiki, ana buƙatar a bayyana shi a kan sikelin. Ma'aunin zafi guda biyu da ake amfani da su a ma'aunin zafi sune ma'aunin Celsius da ma'aunin Fahrenheit. Ma'aunin zafin jiki da aka fi amfani da shi a Indonesia shine ma'aunin Celsius. Wani suna na ma'aunin Celsius shine ma'aunin centigrade. Centigrade = matakai ɗari. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ma'aunin Fahrenheit a Amurka ko ƙasashen da ke da sanyin hunturu. Ma'aunin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci a kimiyya shine ma'aunin cikakken sikelin, ko ma'aunin Kelvin. Za a tattauna ma'aunin Kelvin daga baya.

Sikelin Celsius da Fahrenheit suna amfani da wuraren daskarewa da tafasa na ruwa a matsayin wurare masu tsayayye. Wurin daskarewa na wani abu shine zafin jiki wanda matakan ƙarfi da ruwa suke cikin ma'aunin zafi . Akasin haka, wurin tafasa na wani abu shine zafin jiki wanda matakan ruwa da iska suke cikin ma'aunin zafi. Daskarewa da tafasa koyaushe suna canzawa tare da matsin iska, don haka dole ne a fara tantance matsin lamba na iska. Yawancin lokaci muna amfani da matsin lamba na yau da kullun, wanda shine 1 atm (yanayi ɗaya). Yanayi shine na'urar matsin lamba ta iska.

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