Hanyoyin Bincike a fannin Ilimin Harsunan Dan Adam
Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe wani reshe ne na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa da al'adu. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai ba wai kawai kan tsarin harshe ba ne (kamar nahawu ko ilimin tsarin sauti), amma a kan yadda mutane ke amfani da harshe don gina dangantaka, yin shawarwari kan asali, kiyaye iko, daidaita al'adu, da kuma watsa ilimi a cikin mahallin yau da kullun. Saboda haka, hanyoyin bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe galibi suna da inganci, mahallin, kuma suna mai da hankali kan aikin filin na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan ya kuma buɗe damammaki ga hanyoyin adadi, nazarin corpus, da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na dijital don bincika ayyukan harshe a cikin duniyar da ke ƙara zama ta hanyar dijital.
1. Ethnography a matsayin babban tsarin
Hanya mafi bambanta a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta harshe ita ce nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, binciken da aka yi niyya don fahimtar rayuwar zamantakewa daga mahangar mahalarta. A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, masu bincike galibi suna rayuwa ko kuma suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin al'umma ana nazarin su, suna gina dangantaka, suna lura da ayyukan yau da kullun, da kuma yin rikodin ayyukan sadarwa da ke gudana. Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana tattara bayanai ba ne, har ma yana gina fahimtar dalilin da yasa mutane ke magana kamar yadda suke yi, lokacin da suka zaɓi yin shiru, yadda suke gaishe da mutane, barkwanci, jayayya, ko yin magana da wasu bisa ga tsarin zamantakewa.
Nazarin ƙabilanci yana bawa masu bincike damar tsara "ƙa'idojin sadarwa marasa rubutu": misali, wa zai iya fara magana a taron gargajiya, yadda ake amfani da dabarun ladabi don ƙin yin laifi ba tare da ɓata rai ba, ko kuma yadda ake ɗaukar wasu harsuna a matsayin waɗanda suka fi daraja fiye da wasu. Don haka, nazarin ƙabilanci yana ba da mahallin da ke sa bayanan harshe su zama masu ma'ana ga zamantakewa da al'adu.
2. Kulawar mahalarta
Kula da mahalarta wata babbar dabara ce da ke tafiya tare da nazarin al'adu. Masu bincike ba wai kawai suna kallo daga nesa ba ne, har ma suna shiga cikin ayyukan al'umma - gwargwadon ɗabi'a da yuwuwar - don haka suna ɗaukar bayanai game da hulɗar da aka saba rasawa a cikin hirarraki na hukuma. A cikin mahallin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe , lura da mahalarta yana taimaka wa masu bincike su fahimci fannoni masu amfani kamar su sautin murya, dakatawa, motsin hannu, fuskokin fuska, da kuma yanayin da ke shafar ma'anar furci.
Misali, jumla ɗaya na iya zama mai tsanani ko kuma mai yin ba'a dangane da yanayin da kuma dangantakar zamantakewa. Lura da mahalarta ke yi yana ba masu bincike damar yin rikodin yadda ma'anar "ta haɗu" a cikin hulɗa, ba kawai a cikin kalmomi ba.
3. Rikodin halitta
Rikodin tattaunawa ta halitta hanya ce mai mahimmanci domin abubuwa da yawa na harshe—kamar sauya lambobi, dariya, katsewa, alamomin tattaunawa (“eh,” “uh,” “uh”), ko dabarun katsewa—suna bayyana kwatsam. Bayanan da aka yi rikodin na iya zama sauti ko bidiyo. Bidiyo galibi ya fi kyau don nazarin fannoni daban-daban: motsin hannu, alkiblar kallo, nisan jiki, da kuma amfani da abubuwan da ke kewaye da tattaunawar.
Duk da haka, yin rikodin bayanai na halitta yana buƙatar fahimtar ɗabi'a: samun izinin mahalarta, kiyaye sirri, guje wa yin rikodi a cikin yanayi masu mahimmanci, da kuma tabbatar da adana bayanai masu aminci. Masu bincike dole ne su yi la'akari da tasirin "ƙalubalantar mai lura," wanda shine canji a cikin halayen harshe saboda sanin cewa an yi rikodin. Don rage wannan, masu bincike yawanci suna gina sabani kuma suna yin rikodin akai-akai har sai mahalarta sun ji daɗi.
4. Hira da al'adu da kuma hirarraki masu tsari iri-iri
Hira a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe ba wai kawai tambayoyi da amsoshi ba ne, a'a hanya ce ta bincika ilimin gida game da harshe: akidar harshe, kimantawa na wasu yaruka, gogewa game da wariyar harshe, ko dabarun harshe a cikin mahallin da aka saba. Hira da al'adu galibi suna da sassauƙa, suna bin labarin mai ba da labari, kuma suna fifita ma'ana daga mahangarsu.
Ana amfani da tambayoyi masu tsari-tsari lokacin da masu bincike ke buƙatar bincika wani takamaiman batu (misali, amfani da harshe a makaranta, gida, ko aiki) amma har yanzu yana ba da damar bincike. Wannan hanyar tana da amfani don ƙara bayanan hulɗa ta halitta: masu bincike za su iya tambaya game da dalilan zaɓin kalmomi, ra'ayoyi kan ladabi, ko tarihin canjin harshe a cikin al'umma.
5. Nazarin tattaunawa da nazarin tattaunawa
Da zarar an tattara bayanai, matakin nazarin zai zama muhimmi. A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe , nazarin tattaunawa yana bincika yadda harshe ke tsara gaskiyar zamantakewa - misali, yadda ake bayyana labaran "ci gaba" a cikin manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke wargaza harsunan gida. Binciken tattaunawa yana bincika zaɓin ƙamus, misalai, tsarin labari, da matsayin batun a cikin rubutu ko magana.
Binciken tattaunawa ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin hulɗa: ɗaukar juna, haɗa kai a jere (amsar tambaya, gaisuwa da dawowa), hanyoyin gyarawa, da kuma yadda mahalarta ke kula da sadarwa mai santsi. Wannan hanyar tana da amfani wajen bincika ƙananan bayanai waɗanda ke bayyana tsarin zamantakewa : waɗanda ke yawan katsewa, waɗanda dole ne su jira, ko kuma yadda ake kafa iko ta hanyar ɗaukar juna.
6. Kwafi da bayani
Kwafi shine gadar da ke tsakanin bayanai marasa inganci da bincike. A cikin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, kwafi yakan wuce kawai rubuta kalmomi. Yana iya rikodin sautin murya, dakatawa, jaddadawa, dariya, maganganu masu haɗuwa, da abubuwan da ba na magana ba. Tsarin kwafi za a iya tsara su bisa ga manufofin bincike: gwargwadon yadda nazarin hulɗa ya yi cikakken bayani, gwargwadon yadda kwafi ya yi cikakken bayani.
Ƙarin bayani kuma abu ne da aka saba amfani da shi: misali, yin alama a lokutan canza lambar, gami da morpheme glosses ga harsunan da ba a rubuta su ba, ko kuma lura da mahallin (wa ke magana da wa, a wane yanayi, da kuma dangantakar zamantakewa). Sau da yawa ana amfani da manhajoji kamar ELAN ko Praat don daidaita rubutun da bidiyo da kuma sauƙaƙe rubuta lambar.
7. Hanyoyin kwatantawa da nazarin bambance-bambance
Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe kuma yana amfani da kwatancen yanayi, ƙungiyoyi, ko tsararraki don bincika canjin harshe. Masu bincike na iya kwatanta yadda matasa da tsofaffi ke amfani da gaisuwa, bambance-bambancen harshe tsakanin wuraren gida da na jama'a, ko canjin harshe saboda ƙaura da ƙaura zuwa birane. Nazarin bambancin yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda zaɓin harshe ke da alaƙa da asali (jinsi, aji, ƙabila, addini), da kuma yadda al'ummomi ke daraja takamaiman nau'ikan harshe.
A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da hanyoyin adadi zuwa iyakataccen lokaci, misali ƙirga yawan sauya lambar ko faruwar wasu siffofi a cikin tsarin tattaunawa, sannan a fassara su ta hanyar inganci a cikin mahallin al'adu.
8. Nazarin ilimin zamantakewa na dijital da kafofin watsa labarai
Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa: kafofin sada zumunta, ƙungiyoyin hira, wasannin kan layi, da kuma gajerun dandamali na bidiyo. Ilimin ɗan adam na harshe yanzu yana yin nazari sosai kan ayyukan harshe a cikin sararin dijital, gami da memes, emojis (a matsayin alamun aiki), salon harshe "alay", haɗakar harshe, da kuma ƙirƙirar al'umma bisa hashtag.
Nazarin al'adun zamani yana daidaita ƙa'idodin al'adun gargajiya: masu bincike suna lura da hulɗa, fahimtar ƙa'idodin al'umma, yanayin dandamali na takardu (fasali, algorithms, ƙa'idodin daidaitawa), kuma suna la'akari da ɗabi'un jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Bayanan dijital suna buƙatar taka tsantsan saboda ana iya kwafi alamun kan layi cikin sauƙi kuma a raba su; ɓoye sirri da yarda batutuwa ne masu mahimmanci.
9. Ɗabi'un Bincike
Ɗabi'a ita ce ginshiƙin hanyoyin binciken ilimin ɗan adam na harshe. Masu bincike dole ne su tabbatar da amincewar da aka samu daga gare su, su kiyaye sirri, su girmama ƙa'idodin gida, sannan su yi la'akari da tasirin binciken ga al'umma. A cikin mahallin harsuna marasa rinjaye ko waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar tsaro, masu bincike dole ne su guji fitar da ilimi ba tare da la'akari da juna ba. Kyakkyawan ayyuka sun haɗa da raba sakamakon bincike, sanya takardun harshe su zama masu sauƙin samu ga al'umma, ko kuma haɗa masu magana a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa, ba kawai "abubuwan" bincike ba.
Penutup
Hanyoyin bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe suna buƙatar haɗin kai na tsauraran harshe da kuma fahimtar ɗan adam. Tarihin ƙabilanci, lura da mahalarta, rikodin bayanai na halitta, tambayoyi, da kuma nazarin tattaunawa da tattaunawa su ne manyan kayan aiki don fahimtar harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa. A zamanin dijital, waɗannan hanyoyin sun faɗaɗa ta hanyar nazarin ƙabilanci ta yanar gizo da kuma nazarin sadarwa mai shiga tsakani. A ƙarshe, ikon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe yana cikin ikonsa na haɗa ƙananan bayanai na harshe - kamar zaɓin kalmomi, dakatarwa, ko salon wasa - zuwa ga tsarin zamantakewa mai faɗi: asali, iko, ɗabi'a, da canjin al'adu. Tare da hanyar da ta dace da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi, binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe zai iya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtarmu game da ɗan adam da bambancin hanyoyin da muke magana.
