Tarihin Sadarwa a Nazarin Harshe
Ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta nazarin harshe wadda ta sanya harshe a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar zamantakewa da al'adu. Ba kamar nazarin harshe da ke mai da hankali kan tsarin harshe kawai ba - kamar ilimin sautuka, ilimin siffofi, ko tsarin rubutu - ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa yana mai da hankali kan yadda membobin al'umma ke amfani da harshe a cikin yanayi na rayuwa ta ainihi. Wannan hanyar ta yi imanin cewa don fahimtar ma'anar magana, masu bincike ba wai kawai dole ne su yi nazarin tsarin jumla ba, har ma su fahimci wanda ke magana, wa, a cikin wane yanayi, don wane dalili, da kuma bisa ga ƙa'idodin al'adu da suka fi yawa.
Ma'anar da Bayani
Kalmar "ethnography of Communication" tana da alaƙa sosai da aikin Dell Hymes a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Hymes ya soki ilimin harsuna na yau da kullun a matsayin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar, yana yin watsi da ma'aunin zamantakewa na amfani da harshe. Ya gabatar da manufar ƙwarewar sadarwa, wanda ke nufin ikon mutum ba wai kawai ya gina jimloli masu dacewa ta hanyar nahawu ba, har ma da amfani da su yadda ya kamata da kuma yadda ya kamata a cikin mahallin zamantakewa. Daga wannan mahangar, ilimin ethnography of Communication ya haɓaka azaman nazarin tsarin sadarwa a cikin wani takamaiman al'ada.
A taƙaice, ana iya fahimtar ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa a matsayin wani bincike mai inganci wanda ke nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa na al'umma: abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin kyakkyawan magana, yadda ake aiwatar da ƙa'idodin magana, nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi magana da suke da mahimmanci, da kuma yadda ake nuna asalin zamantakewa da alaƙar iko a cikin harshe.
Manufofin Nazarin: Harshe a Matsayin Aikin Zamantakewa
A fannin ilimin zamantakewa, ana fahimtar harshe a matsayin al'adar zamantakewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa harshe ba wai kawai kayan aiki ne na isar da bayanai ba, har ma hanya ce ta gina dangantaka, tabbatar da matsayi, nuna ladabi, yin shawarwari, har ma da ɓoye niyya. Misali, yadda wani yake magana da wani mutum na iya nuna alamun nisan zamantakewa, girmamawa, kusanci, ko tsari. A wasu al'ummomi, amfani da kalmomin dangi kamar "Pakde," "Goggo," "Kak," ko "Mas" ba wai kawai batun magana ba ne amma kuma hanya ce ta tsara dangantakar zamantakewa.
Wannan binciken ya kuma gano cewa "ma'ana" ɗaya na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin al'adu. Furucin da aka ɗauka kai tsaye da gaskiya a wuri ɗaya ana iya ɗaukarsa rashin kunya a wani wuri. Akasin haka, hanyar bayyana suka a kaikaice ana iya fahimtarta a matsayin ladabi a wata al'ada amma a wani yanayi ana ɗaukarta mara yanke shawara.
Raka'o'in Bincike a Sadarwa Ethnography
Nazarin ilimin sadarwa na asali ta hanyar amfani da sassa ko matakan bincike da dama. Gabaɗaya, masu bincike suna bambanta tsakanin:
1. Al'ummar magana: ƙungiyar zamantakewa wacce ke da ƙa'idodi na amfani da harshe. Al'ummar magana ba koyaushe take kama da al'ummar harshe ba; ƙungiyoyi biyu na iya amfani da harshe ɗaya amma suna da ƙa'idodin magana daban-daban.
2. Yanayin magana: yanayin da sadarwa ke faruwa gabaɗaya, misali tarurrukan ƙauye, azuzuwan makaranta, bukukuwan gargajiya, ko hulɗa a kasuwa.
3. Taron jawabi: wani aiki na sadarwa mai tsari wanda ke da takamaiman manufa, misali tsarin gabatar da shawarwari, zaman kotu na gargajiya, wa'azin Juma'a, ko tattaunawa ta rukuni.
4. Ayyukan magana: ƙananan ayyuka na harshe kamar tambaya, umarni, yabo, ƙin yarda, nuna ra'ayi, ko alƙawari.
Ta hanyar zana waɗannan matakan, masu bincike za su iya ganin tsarin zamantakewa na sadarwa cikin tsari.
Samfurin Magana daga Dell Hymes
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Dell Hymes ya bayar ga ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa shine kayan aiki na nazari wanda aka sani da samfurin MAGANA. Wannan samfurin yana taimaka wa masu bincike su bincika muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin taron jawabi:
– S (Saituna da Yanayi): wuri, lokaci, da kuma yanayin yanayin sadarwa.
– P (Masu Halarta): ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa (mai magana, abokin magana, masu sauraro), gami da rawar da suke takawa a zamantakewa.
– E (Ƙarshen): manufofi da sakamakon da ake tsammani na sadarwa.
– A (Jerin aiki): jerin ayyuka ko kwararar magana (yadda tattaunawar ke buɗewa, tasowa da rufewa).
– K (Maɓalli): yanayi ko salo (mai tsanani, barkwanci, ba'a, tsari).
– I (Kayan Aiki): hanyoyin harshe da nau'ikansa (magana/rubutu, yare, gaurayen lambar sirri, kafofin watsa labarai na dijital).
– N (Al'ada): ƙa'idodin hulɗa da fassara (abin da za a iya faɗi/ba za a iya faɗi ba, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da mutum zai yi magana).
– G (Nau'i): nau'in tattaunawa (lakca, waƙa, tsegumi, magana, tattaunawa).
Ta hanyar MAGANA, masu bincike za su iya bayyana dalilin da yasa furuci yake da "ma'ana" ga wata al'umma, ba wai kawai ma'anar kalmomin ba.
Hanyar Bincike: Rufe Lura
Nazarin ilimin zamantakewa gabaɗaya yana amfani da hanyoyin inganci tare da mai da hankali kan aikin filin. Masu bincike suna gudanar da lura da mahalarta, yin tambayoyi masu zurfi, ɗaukar bayanin mahallin zamantakewa, da kuma yin rikodin hulɗa (sauti/bidiyo) duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Bayanan da aka tattara ba wai kawai sun haɗa da rubuce-rubucen tattaunawa ba, har ma da bayanan motsin jiki, maganganu, nisan jiki, jerin hulɗar, da kuma martanin mahalarta.
Tsarin nazarin yawanci ya haɗa da: (1) gano muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma, (2) taswirar ƙa'idodin sadarwa, (3) nazarin dabarun harshe da zaɓin lambobi, da kuma (4) fassarar ma'anar zamantakewa da al'adu na waɗannan tsarin sadarwa. A wannan matakin, masu bincike suna buƙatar su kasance masu la'akari da ra'ayoyin da ke cikin gida (emic), ba kawai kimantawa daga waje ba (etic).
Muhimmancin Nazarin Harshe a Indonesia
A cikin mahallin harsuna da al'adu daban-daban na Indonesia, ilimin zamantakewa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙabilu, yare, harsunan yanki, da kuma ƙa'idodin ladabi daban-daban sun sa amfani da harshe ya kasance da alaƙa da asalin al'adu. Misali, zaɓin tsakanin "kai-ni" da "kai-ni," ko amfani da siffofi masu ladabi a cikin harshen Javanese, ba wai kawai zaɓin harshe ba ne, amma shawara ce ta zamantakewa da ke nuna matsayi, shekaru, da alaƙar hulɗa da mutane.
Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban sadarwa ta dijital ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin bincike. Misali, a cikin tattaunawar kafofin watsa labarun, sabbin ƙa'idodi suna fitowa, kamar amfani da motsin rai, gajerun kalmomi, ko salon ba'a, wanda zai iya bambanta a tsakanin al'ummomin kan layi. Ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa zai iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda ake gina asali da haɗin kai ta hanyar harshe a cikin sararin dijital, da kuma yadda rikice-rikicen sadarwa za su iya tasowa saboda bambance-bambancen fassarar al'adu.
Fa'idodin Sadarwar Ethnography
Wannan hanyar tana da amfani a fannoni daban-daban. A fannin ilimin harshe, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana taimaka wa malamai su fahimci cewa "ingancin magana" ba wai kawai game da nahawu ba ne, har ma da ikon zaɓar maganganu masu dacewa. A cikin sadarwa tsakanin al'adu daban-daban, wannan hanyar tana taka rawa wajen hana rashin fahimta saboda bambance-bambancen ka'idojin magana. A cikin nazarin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana wadatar da nazarin bambancin harshe ta hanyar jaddada ayyukansa na zamantakewa.
A fannin manufofin jama'a, ana iya amfani da sakamakon da aka samu daga nazarin ilimin zamantakewa don tsara shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu mafi inganci, ayyukan jama'a, ko sadarwa ta lafiya. Misali, yadda ake isar da bayanan lafiya a cikin wani takamaiman al'umma na iya buƙatar daidaitawa da tsarin hukumomin yankin, nau'ikan magana masu aminci, da dabarun harshe da ake ɗauka da ladabi.
Penutup
Tsarin fahimtar harshe a cikin nazarin harshe yana ba da hangen nesa na gabaɗaya: ana fahimtar harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa wanda koyaushe al'ada ke ɗaure shi. Ta hanyar bincika tsarin sadarwa a cikin al'ummomin magana, wannan hanyar tana taimaka mana mu fahimci cewa sadarwa mai nasara ba wai kawai ana ƙaddara ta hanyar daidaito na nahawu ba har ma da dacewa da zamantakewa, dabi'un al'adu, da ƙa'idodin hulɗa. A cikin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi da haɗin kai, ilimin halayyar sadarwa shine mabuɗin fahimtar yanayin harshe a cikin hanyar da ta fi dacewa da ɗan adam, mahallin, da dacewa ga rayuwar yau da kullun.
Idan kuna so, zan iya ƙara misalan nazarin shari'o'i (misali nazarin al'adu na sadarwa a cikin bukukuwan gargajiya, azuzuwa, ko tattaunawa ta kafofin watsa labarun) don sanya labarin ya zama mai ma'ana kuma ya kusa da kalmomi 1000 daidai.
