Binciken Manufofi na Asali a fannin Ilimin Harshe a fannin Nazarin Harshe da Al'adu
Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe wani reshe ne na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ke sanya harshe a matsayin cibiyar fahimtar ɗan adam, al'umma, da al'adu. A cikin wannan fanni, ba a fahimtar harshe kawai a matsayin tsarin sautuka da nahawu ba, amma a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa mai rai: ana amfani da shi, ana tattaunawa, an gada, kuma an canza shi ta hanyar hulɗar yau da kullun. Saboda haka, nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe koyaushe yana tafiya zuwa manyan tambayoyi guda biyu: yadda harshe ke tsara al'ada, da kuma yadda al'ada ke tsara harshe. Wannan labarin ya tattauna manyan ra'ayoyi na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe waɗanda galibi ake amfani da su don nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe da al'ada, da kuma mahimmancin su a binciken zamantakewa.
1. Harshe a matsayin aikin al'adu (harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa)
Babban ra'ayi a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe shine cewa harshe aiki ne na al'ada. Wannan yana nufin cewa harshe ba shi da tsaka-tsaki; kowane amfani da harshe koyaushe yana faruwa a cikin takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa, wanda ya haɗa da masu magana, masu sauraro, manufofi, ƙa'idodi, da alaƙar iko. Misali, kalmar "yi haƙuri," ba wai kawai tana ɗauke da ma'anar ƙamus ba, har ma tana nuna ɗabi'un hulɗa, ladabi, da sanin sararin zamantakewa (wanda ya tsufa, wanda ya mallaki yankin, yanayi na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun).
A cikin wannan tsari, nazarin harshe ya wuce tsarin jimloli. Masu bincike suna buƙatar yin la'akari da yadda ake amfani da magana don yin ayyukan zamantakewa: buƙata, ƙin yarda, yin umarni, yi wa mutane ba'a, nishadantarwa, ko yin shawarwari kan asalin mutum. Don haka, harshe ya zama hanyar fahimtar tsarin dabi'u da al'adu a cikin al'adar al'umma.
2. Dangantakar harshe: shin harshe yana tasiri ga yadda muke tunani?
Wani ra'ayi da ake yawan tattaunawa a kai a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe shine dangantakar harshe - wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da hasashen Sapir-Whorf. Babban ra'ayinsa shine cewa tsarin harshe yana tasiri kan yadda mutane ke rarraba abubuwan da suka faru, fahimtar duniya, da kuma gina nau'ikan ma'ana. Sigar "ƙarfi" ta wannan hasashe - harshe yana ƙayyade tunani - yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba sosai. Duk da haka, sigar "rauni" - harshe yana tasiri ga halaye na tunani da fahimta - ya kasance mai dacewa a cikin bincike da yawa.
Ana iya ganin misalai a cikin nau'ikan kalmomin dangi, sunayen launi, ko alamun sarari (kamar "sama-ƙasa" ko "ƙasa-teku"). Bambancin rukuni a cikin harshe na iya jawo hankalin masu magana zuwa ga wasu fannoni na ƙwarewa. Ga ilimin ɗan adam na harshe , dangantakar harshe yana da mahimmanci kada a kammala da cewa harshe ɗaya "ya fi kyau," a maimakon haka a nuna cewa ma'anar zamantakewa da ilimi suna samuwa a cikin tsarin alamomi daban-daban.
3. Harshe, ma'ana, da mahallin: daga ma'ana zuwa aiki
Wani muhimmin ra'ayi kuma shine bambanci tsakanin ma'anar "a cikin harshe" da ma'anar "a cikin amfani." Ma'anar tana magana ne game da ma'anar kalmomi ko jimloli masu ƙarfi, yayin da pragmatics ke nuna yadda ma'anar ta dogara da mahallin: wanda ke magana, wa, lokacin, da kuma wace manufa.
A wasu al'adu, jumlar da ake tambaya a fannin nahawu na iya zama umarni mai sauƙi, kamar "Za ku iya rufe ƙofar?" - wanda ake fahimtarsa a zamantakewa a matsayin umarni. Binciken aiki yana taimaka wa masu bincike su fahimci ƙa'idodin ladabi, dabarun guje wa rikici, ko nau'ikan sadarwa kai tsaye waɗanda ke siffanta wata al'umma. Ma'anar ta kuma haɗa da tarihin dangantaka tsakanin masu magana: furucin iri ɗaya na iya zama barkwanci mai kyau, amma kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin cin zarafi idan dangantakar ba ta daidaita ba.
4. Taro kan jawabai, al'ummomin magana, da kuma nazarin yanayin sadarwa
Domin bincika harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe sau da yawa yana amfani da hanyar nazarin al'adu. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyi shine taron magana: wani ɓangare na ayyukan sadarwa tare da takamaiman ƙa'idodi da dalilai, kamar al'adar aure, taro na gargajiya, wa'azi, muhawara ta siyasa, ko ciniki a kasuwa.
Dangane da wannan, akwai kuma manufar al'ummar magana, ƙungiya mai ra'ayin amfani da harshe. Ba a saba ganin al'ummomin magana da iyakokin yanki ko ƙabila ba; ana iya kuma kafa su bisa ga sana'a, shekaru, ko hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa. Misali, al'ummomin wasanni, al'ummomin makarantun kwana na Musulunci, ko al'ummomin ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani suna da salon harshe da kalmomi daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna zama memba.
Dell Hymes ya gabatar da tsarin sadarwa na al'adu don nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jawabai, wanda aka sani da suna SPEAKING: Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, da Genre. Wannan tsarin yana taimaka wa masu bincike su ga cewa sadarwa mai nasara ta dogara ne akan bin ƙa'idodin al'adu, ba kawai nahawu ba.
5. Indicativeity: harshe yana nuna asali da matsayin zamantakewa
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gudummawar da aka bayar a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na zamani shine ra'ayin nuna fifiko: alamomin harshe ba wai kawai suna "alama" wani abu ba ne, har ma suna "nuna" (alama) asalin, halaye, ko matsayin zamantakewa. Zaɓin kalmomi, sautin murya, adireshi, har ma da lafazi na iya ba da alamu ga matsayin zamantakewa, yankin asali, tsarawa, ko matakin tsari.
Misali, amfani da kalmomin "kai," "kai," "kai," "kai," ko "kai" ba wai kawai bambance-bambancen suna bane, amma alamun nisan zamantakewa da ƙa'idodin ladabi ne. A wasu yanayi, zaɓar kalmar "ba daidai ba" ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin rashin girmamawa ko kuma wanda aka saba da shi sosai. Ta hanyar fahimtar ma'anar bayanai, masu bincike za su iya yin nazarin yadda ainihin asalin zamantakewa ke ginawa a cikin tattaunawa.
6. Akidar harshe: imani da zamantakewa game da harshe
Manufar akidar harshe tana bincika imanin al'umma, zato, ko hukunce-hukuncen da take yankewa game da wani harshe ko nau'in harshe. Sau da yawa ana ganin akidar harshe idan aka ɗauki yare a matsayin "marar mutunci," "ƙarami," "mara ilimi," ko akasin haka, "daidaitacce," "na zamani," ko "mai iko." Waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen ba na harshe kawai ba ne, amma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, siyasa, ilimi, da alaƙar iko.
A cikin mahallin ƙasa, akidar "harshe na yau da kullun" na iya ƙarfafa haɗin kai da kuma mayar da harsunan yanki saniyar ware. A gefe guda kuma, akidar harshe na iya zama hanyar alfahari da asali, misali, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗo da harshen gida waɗanda ke haɗa harshe da mutuncin al'adu. Ilimin ɗan adam na harshe yana bincika yadda akidar harshe ke tasiri ga manufofi, ayyukan ilimi, da kuma abubuwan da masu magana ke fuskanta a kullum.
7. Bambanci, sauya lambobi, da kuma fahimtar harsuna biyu a matsayin dabarun zamantakewa
Al'ummomin harsuna da yawa gaskiya ne a yankuna da yawa, ciki har da Indonesia. Ra'ayoyin bambancin harshe (yare, rajista, salo) da sauya lambobi suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda masu magana ke zaɓar harshe bisa ga yanayin. Sauya lambobi ba wai kawai "haɗuwa" ba ne, a'a dabarar zamantakewa ce: nuna kusanci, ƙwarewa, barkwanci, iko, ko zama memba na rukuni.
Misali, sauyawa daga yaren yanki zuwa yaren Indonesia a cikin tattaunawa na iya nuna canji a cikin batu daga al'amuran sirri zuwa na yau da kullun. Ko kuma amfani da kalmomin Turanci a wurin aiki na iya nuna asalin sana'a da kuma damar shiga hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, bincike ba wai kawai ya ƙunshi yanayin canji ba har ma da ma'anar zamantakewa da ke haifar da hakan.
8. Harshe, iko, da kuma samar da ilimi
Harshe fage ne na iko. Sau da yawa ana tantance wanda ke da ikon yin magana, wanda ake jin sa, da kuma irin harsunan da ake ganin sun cancanta ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa. Misali, a tarurruka na yau da kullun, mutanen da ke da wasu mukamai na iya sarrafa yadda ake ɗaukar mutane da kuma yanke hukunci. A yanayin ilimi, galibi ana amfani da harshen "daidaitacce" a matsayin ma'aunin hankali, don haka yana ɓata wa masu magana da wasu yaruka rai.
Ilimin ɗan adam na harshe yana bincika yadda waɗannan alaƙar iko ke aiki ta hanyar hulɗar yau da kullun, takardu na hukuma, kafofin watsa labarai, da cibiyoyi. Wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar samar da ilimi: labaran tarihi, ma'anoni na "gaskiya," da ra'ayoyin "al'ada" galibi ana gina su ta hanyar harshe mai rinjaye.
Penutup
Babban ra'ayoyin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe—harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa, dangantakar harshe, mahallin aiki, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na sadarwa, ƙididdigar bayanai, akidar harshe, bambancin ra'ayi da sauya lambobi, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe da iko—suna ba da kayan aikin nazari masu ƙarfi don zurfafa fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe da al'adu. Ta wannan hanyar, ana ganin harshe a matsayin wani abu da ke tsara gaskiyar zamantakewa, yayin da kuma tarihi, dabi'u, da tsarin al'umma ke tsara shi. Don haka, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin harshe ba har ma yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yanayin asali, rashin daidaito, da canjin al'adu a cikin duniyar da ke ƙara rikitarwa.
