Amasu Okulungisa Imifantu Ezakhiweni Zekhonkrithi
Imifantu ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi ingenye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ezitholakala ezakhiweni, emabhulohweni, ezindongeni ezigcina amanzi, phansi kwezimboni, nakwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe. Nakuba kungezona zonke imifantu eziyingozi, isadinga ukwelashwa okufanele ngoba ingaba izindawo zokungena emanzini, ama-chloride, namakhemikhali anamandla asheshisa ukugqwala kokuqinisa, anciphise ukuqina, futhi afinyeze impilo yenkonzo yesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izinhlobo zemifantu, izimbangela zayo, kanye namasu okulungisa afanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhiwo zihlala ziphephile futhi zisebenza kahle.
Ukuqonda Imifantu: Izinhlobo Nezimbangela
Ngaphambi kokukhetha indlela yokulungisa, isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuhlonza uhlobo loqhekeko. Ngokuvamile, imifantu ingahlukaniswa njengeyakhiwe futhi engeyona eyakhiwe.
1. Ukuqhekeka kwesakhiwo kwenzeka lapho izakhi zekhonkrithi zithwalwa imithwalo engaphezu kwamandla azo, ukulungiswa kokwehluka, amaphutha okuklama, noma ukugqwala kokuqinisa, okwandisa futhi kucindezele isembozo sekhonkrithi. Lolu hlobo lokuqhekeka lungathinta amandla nokuqina kwesakhiwo.
2. Imifantu engakhi ivame ukuhlotshaniswa noshintsho kumthamo wekhonkrithi njengokuncipha kwepulasitiki, ukuncipha kokomisa, izinguquko zokushisa, noma imikhuba emibi yokulungisa. Le mifantu ivame ukuba phezulu kodwa isabeka engcupheni ukuqina kwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifantu ingahlukaniswa ngokwesikhathi sayo: imifantu kukhonkolo osemusha (isb. ukushwabana kwepulasitiki kanye nemifantu yokuqala yokushisa) kanye nemifantu kukhonkolo ngemva kokuba iqine (isb. imifantu yokushwabana okomile, imifantu ngenxa yemithwalo, kanye nemifantu ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali njenge-alkali-silica).
Isigaba Sokuxilongwa Nokuphenya
Amasu okulungisa asebenzayo kumele alandelwe ukuxilongwa okufanele. Uphenyo ngokuvamile luhlanganisa:
– Ukuhlola okubonakalayo: ukubuka amaphethini emifantu (i-longitudinal, i-diagonal, i-map crack), indawo, kanye nezinkomba zokuvuza.
– Ukulinganisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka: kusetshenziswa i-crack gauge noma i-microscope yokuqhekeka. Ububanzi bokuqhekeka buyisihluthulelo esibalulekile sokukhetha indlela.
– Ukuqapha ukunyakaza kwemifantu: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imifantu iyasebenza (isahamba) noma ayisebenzi (izinzile). Imifantu esebenzayo idinga ikhambi eliguquguqukayo.
– Ukuhlolwa okungabhubhisi (NDT): njengesando sokubuyela emuva, ijubane lokushaya kwe-ultrasonic (UPV), noma i-radar engena emhlabathini (GPR) ukuthola izikhala kanye nezimo zangaphakathi.
– Ukuhlolwa kokugqwala okuqinisiwe: amandla engxenye yamaseli, imitha yokumboza ukuze kutholakale ukujula kwesimbozo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwe-carbonation kanye ne-chloride uma kudingeka.
Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, ukulungiswa kwenziwe ngengozi yokufihla izimpawu kuphela, hhayi ukuxazulula imbangela.
Izimiso Ezijwayelekile Zokulungisa Uqhekeko Lwekhonkrithi
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukulungiswa kwemifantu yekhonkrithi kulandela eyodwa noma inhlanganisela yalezi zinhloso ezilandelayo:
1. Buyisela amandla esakhiwo (isb. emisebeni/ezinsikeni eziqhekekile kakhulu).
2. Buyisela ukuqina kwamanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza nokungena kwezinto ezinolaka.
3. Khulisa ukuqina ngokuvikela ukuqina ekugqwaleni.
4. Thuthukisa ubuhle, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwekhonkrithi okuveziwe.
5. Vumela ukunyakaza emifantwini esebenzayo ukuze uvimbele ukuthi ingaphinde iqhekeke.
Amasu Okulungisa Imifantu Asetshenziswa Kaningi
1. Umjovo we-Epoxy
Ukujova nge-epoxy kungenye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu zokuqhekeka okuncane kuya kokuphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka ukubuyiselwa kwamandla. I-epoxy inamandla aphezulu okunamathela futhi iyakwazi "ukubopha" izinhlangothi ezimbili zekhonkrithi eqhekekile ndawonye.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Imifantu engasebenzi ezakhiweni (imishayo, izinsika, amapuleti).
– Ububanzi bemifantu buvame ukuba buncane (buvame ukufakwa emifantu emincane efinyelela kumamilimitha ambalwa, kuye ngohlelo).
Izigaba ezijwayelekile:
– Hlanza imifantu kusuka othulini, uwoyela, noma ezintweni ezingcolisayo.
– Ukuvala indawo eqhekekile nokufaka i-nipple/port yomjovo.
– Faka i-epoxy ephansi kusukela endaweni ephansi kuya phezulu kuze kube yilapho igcwele.
– Susa imbobo bese ulungisa ubuso ngemva kokulungisa.
Izinzuzo: kubuyisela amandla nokuqina, imiphumela emihle.
Imikhawulo: ayifaneleki ezindaweni eziqhekekile noma ezindaweni ezimanzi kakhulu (ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-resin ekhethekile).
2. Umjovo we-Polyurethane (Umjovo we-PU)
Ngokungafani ne-epoxy, i-polyurethane resin ivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka okuhlobene nokuvuza ngoba i-PU ingasabela emanzini futhi yande ukuze yakhe igwebu elivala indlela yokuvuza.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Imifantu emagumbini angaphansi komhlaba, emihubheni, emathangini, noma ezakhiweni ezithola amanzi ephuma.
– Isimo sokuqhekeka okumanzi/okusebenzayo ngenxa yokucindezela kwamanzi.
Izinzuzo: kuvimbela ukuvuza ngempumelelo, kusebenza ngokushesha.
Imikhawulo: ukuvuselelwa kwamandla esakhiwo ngokuvamile akufani ne-epoxy; kudinga ukwakheka okufanele kwezinto ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside.
3. Ukufakwa kwe-Grouting ye-Cement noma i-Micro-cement
Uma kunemifantu emikhulu, imigodi, noma ama-honeycombs adinga ukugcwaliswa ngobuningi, i-grouting ingaba yisisombululo. Izinto ze-grout zingaba yi-grout esekelwe kusimende, i-micro-cement, noma i-grouts enganciphisi enezithasiselo.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Imifantu emikhulu kakhulu kanye nezikhala.
– Ukulungiswa kwezindawo zekhonkrithi ezinezimbobo noma ezingenalutho.
Izinzuzo: ifaneleka kakhulu uma isetshenziswa ngobuningi obukhulu, izindleko ngokuvamile ziyonga kakhulu.
Imikhawulo: ayilungile njenge-epoxy emifantwini emincane kakhulu; ukulawula ukungena kwemifantwini emincane kunzima kakhulu.
4. Ukuqondisa Nokuvala (Ukwandisa Nokuvala Imifantu)
Le ndlela yenziwa ngokwandisa umfantu ebusweni (ukwenza umsele omise okwe-V noma i-U), bese uwugcwalisa nge-elastomeric sealant noma i-polymer mortar.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Imifantu engakhekile ebusweni.
– Imifantu emincane esebenzayo edinga izinto eziguquguqukayo.
Izinto ezivamile: i-polyurethane sealant, i-polysulfide, i-silicone, noma i-polymer mortar kuye ngezidingo.
Izinzuzo: kulula, kuyashesha, kufanelekile emifantwini esebenzayo.
Imikhawulo: ayibuyisi amandla angaphakathi; igxila kakhulu ekuvimbeleni amanzi kanye nokuvikela indawo.
5. Ukupesha Nokulungisa Isembozo Sekhonkrithi
Ezimweni zokuqhekeka okuhambisana nokuqhekeka (ukuhlubuka kwekhonkrithi), kuvame ukuba nokugqwala kokuqinisa noma isembozo sekhonkrithi esibuthakathaka. Isixazululo sihilela ukubhoboza indawo eyonakele, ukuhlanza ukuqinisa, ukufaka i-bonding agent, bese ukubopha nge-repatch nge-repair mortar.
Izigaba ezijwayelekile:
– Ukuphula ukhonkolo olubuthakathaka ukuze kufinyelelwe kukhonkolo olunempilo.
– Hlanza ukuqinisa ekugqwaleni (ibhulashi locingo/ukuqhuma kwesihlabathi) bese wengeza ukuqinisa uma kukhona ukulahleka okukhulu kwezingxenye.
– Ukusebenzisa i-primer yokulwa nokugqwala noma uhlelo lokuvikela.
– Patch nge-repair mortar (eguquliwe nge-polymer, enganciphisi, noma i-micro-concrete).
– Ukulungiswa okufanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kabusha.
6. Ukuthunga Okuqhekekile (Ukuthunga)
Indlela yokuthunga isebenzisa imigoqo yensimbi (ama-U-bars noma ama-clamps) afakwe ngaphesheya komfantu ukuze kwandiswe amandla okudlulisa amandla okusika nokuvimbela umfantu ukuthi ukhule.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Imifantu ezakhiweni ezidinga “ukukhiya” ngomshini.
– Imifantu emikhulu/eqinile.
Izinzuzo: kwandisa ubuqotho bemishini.
Imikhawulo: idinga ukubhoboza okuhle kanye nokufakwa kwemininingwane; ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa nomjovo.
7. Ukuqinisa Kwangaphandle (i-FRP noma i-Jacketing)
Uma uqhekeko lubangelwa ukunganeli kwamandla noma ushintsho emsebenzini wesakhiwo (umthwalo owandisiwe), ukulungisa uqhekeko kukodwa akwanele. Ukuqinisa kuyadingeka, isibonelo kusetshenziswa i-FRP (i-Fiber Reinforced Polymer) noma ijakhethi yekhonkrithi/yensimbi ezinsikeni nasezinsikeni.
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa:
– Ukuqhekeka kwesakhiwo ngenxa yomthwalo omningi noma ukuntuleka kokuqina.
– Izinto kumele zandiswe ngomthamo wokugoba/wokugunda/wokugoba.
Izinzuzo: kungandisa kakhulu amandla, umsebenzi ushesha kakhulu (i-FRP).
Imikhawulo: idinga umklamo wobunjiniyela ofanele; hhayi nje umsebenzi wobuhle.
Ukukhetha Indlela Efanele
Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokulungisa kufanele kucabangele imingcele eminingana eyinhloko:
– Ingabe i-crack iyasebenza noma ayisebenzi?
– Ububanzi kanye nokujula kwemifantu
– Indawo kanye nomsebenzi wezinto (isakhiwo vs okungesona isakhiwo)
– Izimo zemvelo (ukuchayeka emanzini olwandle/i-chloride, izindawo ezimanzi, amakhemikhali)
- Inhloso yokulungisa (amandla, ukuqina kwamanzi, ukuqina, ubuhle)
- Ukufinyelela kanye nezindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula
Isibonelo, imifantu engasebenzi emisebeni edinga ukuvuselelwa kwamandla ifaneleka kahle ekufakweni kwe-epoxy. Kodwa-ke, imifantu ezindongeni ezingaphansi ezivuzayo ifaneleka kakhulu ekufakweni kwe-PU. Okwamanje, imifantu yezinwele eziku-plaster noma ezingqimbeni ezingezona ezesakhiwo ingaxazululwa ngokwanele ngokuyihambisa kanye nokuvala noma ngesembozo esivikelayo.
Ukuvimbela Ukuqhekeka Ukuphindeka
Ukulungiswa okuhle kufanele kuhambisane nezinyathelo zokuvimbela, okuhlanganisa:
– Thuthukisa izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi kanye nokuvimbela amanzi ukuze kuncishiswe umfutho wamanzi.
– Ukuqina okwanele kokhonkolo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncishiswa kwepulasitiki kanye nokuncishiswa kokuqala.
– Lawula amalunga epuleti ukuze aqondise ukuqhekeka kokuncipha.
– Ukuvikelwa ekugqwaleni ngokusebenzisa ukumboza, izithibi, noma ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesembozo sikakhonkolo.
– Ukuklama nokuhlola umthwalo uma ukuqhekeka kubonisa izinkinga zomthamo.
I-Penutup
Amasu okulungisa imifantu ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi awakwazi ukujwayelwa kabanzi. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo sisekuxilongweni okunembile, ukukhetha indlela efanele uhlobo lomfantu kanye nezinhloso zokulungisa, kanye nokusebenzisa inqubo ngokulandela izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezifanele kanye nekhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngendlela ehlelekile—kusukela ophenyweni kuya ekulungisweni kuya ekuvimbeleni—izakhiwo zekhonkrithi zingabuyiselwa ekusebenzeni kwazo, isikhathi senkonzo esandisiwe, futhi zigcinwe ukuze kuphephe isikhathi eside.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezobuchwepheshe kakhulu (isib. faka amazinga okubhekisela njenge-ACI/EN/SNI, ithebula lokukhetha indlela elisekelwe kububanzi bokuqhekeka, noma izibonelo zesifundo sensimu).
