Ukuhlolwa Kokuzinza Kwezakhiwo Zezakhiwo Ngaphansi Kwezimo Ezibucayi
Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kuyisici esiyisisekelo sobunjiniyela bezentuthuko, okunquma ikhono lesakhiwo lokuhlala simile, sisebenza, futhi sivikele abantu abahlala kuso lapho bevezwa emathonyeni ahlukahlukene angaphandle. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, izakhiwo zenzelwe ukusekela imithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi njengesisindo sesakhiwo, isisindo sabantu abahlala kuso, kanye nemishini. Kodwa-ke, izinselele zangempela zivame ukuvela lapho izakhiwo zibhekana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengokuzamazama komhlaba, imimoya enamandla, izikhukhula, imililo, ukudilika komhlaba, ukuqhuma, noma izinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa. Kulesi simo, ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kwesakhiwo kuba inqubo ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sinamandla anele kanye nokuqina, kanye nokuhlonza ubuthakathaka obungaba khona obungaholela ekuhlulekeni.
Ukuqonda Ukuzinza Kwesakhiwo Nokufaneleka Kwaso
Ukuqina kwesakhiwo kubhekisela ekhonweni lesistimu yesakhiwo lokugcina ukulingana kwayo nesimo sayo ngaphandle kokuwa, ukuguquguquka ngokweqile, noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi lapho ithwalwa imithwalo. Ekuhloleni ukuqina, onjiniyela abahloli nje kuphela ukuthi izakhi zesakhiwo "zinamandla ngokwanele" kodwa futhi nokuthi isakhiwo sisebenza kahle yini sisonke. Isibonelo, ngisho nekholomu eqinile ingahluleka uma kwenzeka ukungazinzi kwecala ngenxa yesistimu enganele yokumelana namandla okuzamazama komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kuhlale kuhlobene nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezakhi: imishayo, amakholomu, ama-slab, izindonga zokusika, ozimele, ukuxhumana, kanye nezisekelo.
Izimo ezimbi kakhulu zidinga indlela yokuhlola eqine kakhulu ngoba imithwalo ivame ukungabikezeleki, ihlale isikhathi esifushane kodwa ibe nkulu, futhi ivame ukuqala izindlela zokwehluleka okuqhubekayo. Ukuhlola okunengqondo kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukubhidlika okuphelele, kunciphise ukulimala, kunciphise izindleko zokuvuselela, futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izakhiwo zihlala zisebenziseka noma zingavuselelwa ngokushesha ngemva kwesigameko.
Izinhlobo Zezimo Ezimbi Kakhulu Nomthelela Wazo Ezakhiweni
Izimo ezahlukene ezimbi kakhulu zinezici zomthwalo ezihlukile, ngakho-ke izindlela zokuhlola zidinga ukulungiswa.
1. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kuveza imithwalo enamandla ezinhlangothini ehlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le miphumela ihlanganisa ukudlidliza, ukukhukhuleka phakathi kwezitezi, umonakalo wamalunga, ngisho nokuwa ngenxa yezindlela ze-plastic hinge ezingalawulwa. Izakhiwo ezinemininingwane yokuqinisa engemihle noma ukwakheka okungajwayelekile zisengozini enkulu.
2. Imimoya enamandla neziphepho zicindezela futhi zimunce ezindaweni zesakhiwo. Ezakhiweni ezinde, imiphumela yokudlidliza, ukuchitheka kwe-vortex, kanye nokuzwakala kungabangela ukungakhululeki, ukuqhekeka, noma ngisho nokwehluleka kwezinto zangaphandle nezophahla. Izakhiwo ezilula njengezindawo zokugcina impahla noma izindlu ezinezingqimba ezibanzi nazo zivame ukubhekana nokwehluleka kwamalunga.
3. Izikhukhula kanye nama-tsunami kungabangela amandla e-hydrodynamic, imiphumela yemfucumfucu, kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi (ukuklwebheka) ezisekelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfutho wamanzi ungabangela amandla okuphakama ezitezi ezingezansi noma ezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba.
4. Umlilo uthinta izakhiwo ngokushisa okuphezulu, okubangela ukwehla kwamandla ezinto ezibonakalayo, ukwanda, kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuqina. Insimbi ingabhekana nokwehla okukhulu kwamandla emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kuyilapho ukhonkolo ungaqhekeka, uchithe, futhi ulahlekelwe amandla uma ukuqina kwawo kuvezwa.
5. Ukudilika komhlabathi, ukucwila kwamanzi, kanye nokuwa komhlabathi kubangela ukugudluka noma ukulahlekelwa ukwesekwa kwesisekelo. Ekuqaleni izakhiwo ezizinzile zingaba ezingaphephile ngenxa yokusekelwa okugudlukayo, ukubonakala kwemifantu emikhulu, noma ukuthambekela.
6. Ukuqhuma kanye nemithwalo yomthelela kukhiqiza ama-impempe asheshayo futhi amakhulu. Umonakalo wendawo ungakhula ube ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo uma kungekho enye indlela yokuthwala umthwalo.
Izigaba Zokuhlola Ukuzinza Kwesakhiwo
Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwezifundo zemibhalo, ukuhlolwa kwensimu, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinombolo. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni.
1. Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha Nocwaningo Lwemibhalo
Izinyathelo zokuqala zifaka phakathi ukubuyekeza amapulani ephansi, imininingwane yezinto zokwakha, imibiko yokubala isakhiwo, kanye namarekhodi okushintsha kokwakhiwa. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuqondeni umqondo womklamo, uhlelo lokumelana namandla ohlangothini, kanye nokuqagela komthwalo osetshenziswayo. Ezakhiweni ezindala, ukungafani phakathi kwemibhalo nezimo zangempela kuvame ukutholakala, okudinga ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe.
2. Ukuhlolwa Okubonakalayo Nokuhlonza Umonakalo
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe imifantu, ukuguquka, ukugqwala, ukuphambuka, ukuhlaliswa okuhlukile, noma umonakalo wamalunga. Ezakhiweni zangemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, isibonelo, amaphethini emifantu ezindongeni zokusika kanye namakholomu emishayo angaba izinkomba zezindlela zokwehluleka. Ezindaweni zangemva kokukhukhula, ukuhlolwa kugxila ezimweni zesisekelo, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanye nomonakalo wezinto eziphathelene nomswakama.
3. Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Nesakhiwo
Ukuqinisekisa umthamo wangempela, kudingeka izivivinyo ezifana nokuhlolwa kwesando kukhonkolo, ukubhoboza okuyinhloko, izivivinyo zokubopha ensimbini yokuqinisa, ijubane lokushaya kwe-ultrasonic, noma ukuhlolwa kokugqwala. Kwezinye izimo, izivivinyo zomthwalo phansi noma emishayweni zenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza. Isimiso esiyinhloko ukuthi ukuhlolwa kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ehleliwe ukuze kugwenywe ukwenza isakhiwo sibe buthaka.
4. Ukumodela Nokuhlaziya Isakhiwo
Isigaba sokuhlaziya sihlose ukuhlola impendulo yesakhiwo emithwalweni emikhulu. Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zingafaka:
– Ukuhlaziywa okulinganayo okungaguquki kwezifundo zokuqala zokuzamazama komhlaba ezakhiweni ezilula.
- Ukuhlaziywa okunamandla kwempendulo ye-spectrum ukuqonda impendulo yesimo sesakhiwo esinezindlela eziningi.
- Ukuhlaziywa komlando wesikhathi ukuze kuhlolwe kabanzi ngokuqoshwa kokuzamazama komhlaba okuthile.
– Ukuhlaziywa okungekhona okuqondile (okusunduzayo) ukubikezela umthamo we-post-elastic kanye nephuzu lokusebenza.
– Ukuhlaziywa komlilo okucabangela ukuwohloka kwezinto ngenxa yokushisa.
- Ukuhlaziywa kokuzinza kwe-geotechnical kwezisekelo, ukukhuhla, noma uketshezi.
Imiphumela yokuhlaziya iqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zokusebenza, njengemikhawulo yokukhukhuleka, izici zokuphepha kwezakhi, umthamo wokuxhumana, kanye nokuzinza komhlaba wonke ngokumelene nokugumbuqeka nokushelela.
5. Ukuhlolwa Kokuwohloka Okuqhubekayo Nokuphindaphindwa Komsebenzi
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezimbi kakhulu, umonakalo wendawo ungabangela uchungechunge lokwehluleka. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kwanamuhla kuhlola nokungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu, izindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwemithwalo ehlukile, kanye nemininingwane yokubopha nokuxhuma. Izakhiwo ezinezinhlelo eziningi ezimelana namandla aseceleni (isb., inhlanganisela yamafreyimu esikhashana kanye nezindonga zokusika) ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukumelana nokungaqiniseki.
Amapharamitha Abalulekile Ekuhloleni Ukuqina
Ezinye zezimiso ezivamile ezigxile ekuhlolweni zifaka:
– Umthamo wezinto zokwakha (imishayo, izinsika, amapuleti, izindonga) ngokumelene nokugoba, ukucheba, ukucindezelwa kanye nokugoba.
– Ukuzinza kwezinhlangothi kuhlanganisa ukuzulazula phakathi kwezitezi, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, kanye nokulawula ukuzulazula.
– Isimo samajoyinti kukhonkrithi eqinisiwe, insimbi, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ngoba ukwehluleka okuningi kuqala endaweni yokuxhuma.
– Ukusebenza kwesisekelo kanye nenhlabathi okuhlanganisa amandla okuthwala, ukuhlala phansi, kanye nokushintsha okungenzeka.
– Ukuwohloka kwezinto ngenxa yokugqwala, umlilo, i-carbonation, noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
– Ukungalingani kwejometri njengezindaba ezithambile, ukungalingani kokugoba, noma umehluko wokuqina okubukhali.
Amasu Okunciphisa Nokuqinisa
Uma ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi isakhiwo asihlangabezani nemigomo, kungasetshenziswa amasu amaningana okulungisa. Ezimweni ezimelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqinisa kungafaka phakathi ukufaka izindonga zokusika, ukuqinisa insimbi, amakholomu ejakhethi anekhonkrithi noma i-carbon fiber (FRP), kanye nokuthuthukisa imininingwane yokuqinisa emajoyintini. Ngemimoya enamandla, ukwandisa ukuqinisa emaceleni, ukulungisa amajoyinti ophahla, kanye nokuqinisa izakhi zobuso kuyizinto eziza kuqala. Ezindaweni ezivame ukukhukhulwa yizikhukhula, izixazululo zingafaka phakathi ukuphakamisa phansi okubalulekile, ukuvikela izisekelo ekukhuculweni, kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi kanye nezithiyo zamanzi. Ngezakhiwo ezingamelani nomlilo, ukugqoka okungamelani nomlilo, ukwengeza ukuvimbela umlilo ensimbini, kanye nokuhlela ukuhlukanisa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala komlilo okusheshayo.
Ukunciphisa ingozi akuhlali kuhlelekile. Ukuphathwa kwezingozi kuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuqapha, ukulungiswa njalo, kanye nezinqubo zokuphuma kanye nokuhlola ngemva kwezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu. Izakhiwo eziklanywe kahle kodwa ezinganakekelwa zingalahlekelwa amandla azo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kwezakhiwo ezakhiweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kuyinqubo ehlanganisa isayensi yesakhiwo, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, ubunjiniyela be-geotechnical, kanye nokuphathwa kwezingozi. Izimo ezimbi kakhulu zibeka imithwalo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi evame ukungaqondile, okwenza ukuhlolwa kube ngaphezu kwendlela eyodwa. Ukuhlolwa kwensimu, ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinombolo okunembile kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla angempela kanye nokwehluleka okungenzeka. Ngokuhlolwa okuhlelekile, ubuthakathaka besakhiwo bungabonakala kusenesikhathi, amasu okulungisa kabusha angaklanywa ngempumelelo, futhi ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo kungagcinwa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Ekugcineni, umgomo wokugcina walokhu kuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo asigcini nje "ngokuma" kodwa futhi sivikela nokuphila futhi sisekela imisebenzi yabantu ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu.
