Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuklama Ibhuloho Nomhubhe
Ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho kanye nemigudu kuyisici esibalulekile sokuhlinzeka ngengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ephephile, ethembekile, neqhubekayo. Nakuba kokubili kusebenza ukunqoba izithiyo zemvelo noma ezenziwe ngabantu—njengemifula, izigodi, izindawo zokuwela umgwaqo/isitimela, noma izintaba—kunezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezihlukile. Amabhuloho abhekene nemithwalo evulekile, amathonya omoya, kanye nezimo zesisekelo ezizungeze imizila yamanzi noma izigodi. Amabhuloho abhekene nokucindezeleka komhlabathi kanye namadwala, izimo zamanzi, kanye nezici zokuphepha ngaphakathi kwezikhala ezivalekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kahle izimiso eziyisisekelo zomklamo wawo, kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokufunda kuze kube sekuklanyweni okuningiliziwe, kubalulekile.
1. Ukunqunywa kwezidingo nemisebenzi yesakhiwo
Isimiso sokuqala ukunquma izidingo zesevisi. Amabhuloho kumele aklanywe ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwethrafikhi (umgwaqo, isitimela, abahamba ngezinyawo), isigaba somthwalo, inani lemizila, isivinini somklamo, kanye nezidingo zokususa indle ngokuphathelene nemifula, eminye imigwaqo, noma imizila yesitimela. Imihubhe kumele futhi iqokwe njengomhubhe womgwaqo, isitimela, ugesi, noma wabahamba ngezinyawo. Ukunquma umsebenzi kuthinta ubukhulu, umoya ongenisa umoya, izinhlelo zokuphepha, kanye nezindlela zokwakha.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi, abahleli badinga futhi ukusungula imigomo yokusebenza: impilo yokuklama, izinga lokuthembeka, imikhawulo yokudlidliza, izinga lokududuzeka komsebenzisi, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza nokugcinwa. Lezi zinqumo zokuqala zakha isisekelo sokuhlola ezinye izindlela kanye nokulinganisa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila.
2. Ucwaningo lokungenzeka kanye nokukhethwa komzila
Ukukhetha indawo, noma ukuqondisa, kuvame ukuba yisihluthulelo sempumelelo yephrojekthi. Kumabhuloho, ukuqondisa okuhle kunciphisa ubude besikhala, kunciphisa inani lezinsika zomfula, kugwema ukugoba okubukhali, futhi kubeka izisekelo enhlabathini engcono. Kumathuna, ukuqondisa kufanele kugweme izindawo ezisebenzayo zamaphutha, izendlalelo zamadwala ezibuthakathaka, izindawo ze-karst, kanye nezindawo ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba aphezulu angase abangele ukuvuza okukhulu.
Lesi sigaba sihilela ukuhlaziya ukuma komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, imiphumela yomphakathi, izinsiza ezikhona, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwesifunda. Imizila ehlukile ibe isiqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa izindlela zobuchwepheshe, ezemvelo, ezokuphepha, izindleko zokwakha, kanye nezindlela zokusebenza nokulungisa.
3. Uphenyo lwasensimini kanye nedatha eyisisekelo
Akukho umklamo omuhle ongenzeka ngaphandle kwedatha eyanele yasensimini. Kumabhuloho, uphenyo luhlanganisa ukuhlola kwe-geotechnical (ukubhoboza, i-SPT/CPT, ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri), i-hydrology kanye ne-hydraulics (ukukhishwa kwezikhukhula zomklamo, ijubane lokugeleza, ukuhlafuna), kanye nezimo zokuzamazama komhlaba. Kumapayipi, uphenyo lwe-geotechnical lwe-geotechnical luvame kakhulu: imephu ye-geographic yomhlaba, ukubhoboza okuphakathi, ukuhlolwa kokungena kwamanzi, imephu ye-rock discontinuity, kanye nokulinganiswa kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Isimiso esiyinhloko lapha ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki. Izindleko zophenyo ngokuvamile ziphansi kakhulu kunezindleko zokwehluleka, ukubambezeleka, noma izimangalo ezivela ezimweni zensimu ezingaziwa.
4. Umqondo wesakhiwo kanye nokukhethwa kohlobo olufanele
Emabhulohweni, ukukhetha uhlobo—i-girder yekhonkrithi elungisiwe kusengaphambili, i-box girder, i-truss yensimbi, i-cable-stayed, noma i-suspension—kunqunywa ubude be-span, izimo zesisekelo, ubuhle, indlela yokumiswa, kanye nokutholakala kwezinto nemishini. Amabhulori e-span ende angase afaneleke kangcono kumabhulori e-cable-stayed noma i-suspension, kuyilapho amabhulori e-span e-medium ngokuvamile esebenza kahle kakhulu ngama-girder ekhonkrithi noma e-steel box.
Emihubheni, izindlela zokusekela kanye nezinhlobo zifaka phakathi ukusika nokumboza (ukujula okungajulile), umhubhe obhoboziwe one-TBM (wenhlabathi ethambile/yasemadolobheni), noma i-NATM/SEM (yezimo zamadwala ahlukahlukene). Isimiso esiyisisekelo ukukhetha uhlelo oluhambisana nezimo ze-geological, ukubekezelelana kokuguquguquka, izidingo zemvelo (isb., ukuhlala ezindaweni eziminyene), kanye namakhono okwakha.
5. Ukuhlaziywa komthwalo kanye nokuhlanganiswa komthwalo
Amabhuloho kumele aklanyelwe imithwalo efile, imithwalo yethrafikhi, imithwalo yomoya, imithwalo yokuzamazama komhlaba, amandla okubhuleka nokudonswa, izinga lokushisa, ukuncipha nokukhukhuleka kukakhonkolo, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona (izimoto noma imikhumbi). Ezindaweni eziseduze nemifula, imiphumela ye-hydrodynamic kanye nemfucumfucu nayo ingaba yinto efanele. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithwalo kulandela amazinga okuklama afanele ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuthembeka.
Imigudu ibhekene nemithwalo evela ekucindezelweni komhlabathi kanye namadwala, ukucindezela kwamanzi emigodini, imithwalo yokwakha, kanye nemithwalo yokusebenza efana nokuhamba kwezimoto kanye nokudlidliza. Izinhlelo zokulayisha imigudu zithonywa kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwesakhiwo somhlabathi kanye nokulandelana kokumba. Ngakho-ke, ukumodela ngezinombolo kanye nokuqapha insimu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibikezelo zomklamo zihambisana nezimo zangempela.
6. Izici ze-Geotechnical kanye nesisekelo
Izisekelo "ziyizimpande" zebhuloho. Ukukhetha izisekelo ezingajulile, izinqwaba ezibhoboziwe, izinqwaba, ama-caisson, noma izisekelo zemithombo kumele kucabangele umthamo wokuthwala, ukuhlala, amandla okuncibilika, kanye nokukhuhla. Ezindaweni zomfula, umklamo kumele ungavimbeli ukukhuhla ngesivikelo esifana nokukhuhla, ama-apron, noma ukuqinisa ibhange.
Emihubheni, ubunjiniyela be-geotechnical buthinta yonke into: ukuqina kobuso bokumba, ukulawulwa kokuguquguquka, ukwakheka kwendwangu (okuyinhloko nokwesibili), kanye nesidingo sokulungisa i-grout noma umhlabathi. Isimiso esiyinhloko ukuphathwa kwengozi: ukuhlola amathuba okuwa kwendawo, ukucindezelwa komhlabathi, ukuvuvukala, ngisho nokugeleza kwamanzi amakhulu okungabeka engcupheni ukuphepha kanye nesheduli.
7. Izindlela zokwakha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo
Umklamo omuhle kumele ukwazi ukwakhiwa kahle nangokuphephile. Kumabhuloho, ukwakhiwa kahle kuhlanganisa ukukhetha indlela yokumiswa (i-girder yokuqalisa, i-crane, i-cantilever elinganisiwe), isiteji somfula, ukufinyelela imishini, kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Izinqumo zokuklama ezifana nobude bezingxenye ezilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, imininingwane yokuxhumana, noma uhlobo lwe-scaffolding kuzothinta umkhiqizo kanye nezindleko.
Kuma-tunnel, ukwakhiwa kwawo kuhlobene nokukhethwa kwendlela ye-TBM (drill-blast), izigaba zokufaka ukwesekwa, uhlelo lokufaka indle nokuthutha, kanye nokutholakala kwezindawo zokungena kanye nokulahlwa kwezinto zokumba. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ema-tunnel ngokuvamile "kuyinselele," ngakho-ke kudingeka kuhlelwe kusukela ekuqaleni, kufaka phakathi izidingo zikagesi, amanzi, umoya, kanye nokuphathwa kokuvuza.
8. Ukuphepha, ukusebenza kanye nokugcinwa
Amabhuloho kumele ahlangabezane nezimiso zokuphepha komsebenzisi: izindonga zokuvikela, izindlela zokuhamba, amanzi aphuma edekhini, izibani, kanye nezimpawu. Amabhuloho nawo kudingeka aklanywe ukuze kube lula ukuwahlola: ukufinyelela kuma-bearings, ama-expansion joints, kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile njengokuxhumeka noma izintambo. Ukubeka imininingwane kahle kunciphisa izindawo ezishisayo zokugqwala futhi kwenza kube lula ukugcinwa.
Imigudu inezidingo zokuphepha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: umoya ongenisa umoya (okuvamile nokwesimo esiphuthumayo), izinhlelo zokuthola umlilo, ama-hydrant kanye nezicishamlilo, imizila yokuphuma, ukukhanyisa, i-CCTV, ukuxhumana, kanye nokuphathwa kwentuthu. Ukubekwa kwezindlela zokuwela, izindawo eziphuthumayo, kanye neminyango yomlilo kumele kucabangele izimo zezehlakalo. Isimiso esiyinhloko ukugcina izingozi ezindaweni ezivalekile zilawuleka futhi kuvumele ukuphuma ngokushesha.
9. Ukuqina, ukuqina kanye nokusimama
Ukuqina kuyinto edingekayo ukuze isakhiwo sifeze impilo yaso yokusebenza ehlosiwe. Kumabhuloho, izindawo ezinolaka njengezindawo ezisogwini noma izindawo zezimboni zidinga ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwensimbi, ikhwalithi efanele yekhonkrithi, isembozo esanele, kanye nemininingwane yokukhipha amanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola kwamanzi. Ukukhetha amabheringi namajoyinti aqinile nakho kuthinta kakhulu izindleko zokulungisa.
Emihubheni, ukuqina kuhlobene nokulawulwa kokuvuza, ikhwalithi yolwelwesi olungangenisi manzi, ukumelana kolwelwesi ezindaweni zamakhemikhali, kanye nohlelo lwangaphakathi lokukhipha amanzi. Ukuzinza nakho kubaluleke kakhulu: ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto zokwakha, ukusebenzisa kabusha izinto ezimbiwe, kanye nomklamo osebenzisa amandla kahle (isb., ukuphefumula kahle kwemihubhe).
10. Ukuphathwa kwezingozi kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi
Kokubili amabhuloho kanye nemihubhe kubhekene namazinga aphezulu okungaqiniseki, ngakho-ke ukuphathwa kwezingozi kumele kube yisimiso esiyinhloko. Izingozi ezivamile zifaka phakathi izimo zomhlaba ezingalindelekile, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, amaphutha okukhiqiza, ukubambezeleka kwempahla, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha emsebenzini. Imikhuba ebalulekile ifaka phakathi ukuhlonza izingozi kusenesikhathi, ukunciphisa ngokuklama nezindlela, kanye nokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa ngezinqubo zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhlolwa komsebenzi, ukuhlolwa (ukhonkolo, ukushintshwa, amabhawodi, izingxenye zomphetho), kanye nemibhalo. Ngemigudu, izinsimbi ezifana nama-extensometer, ukulinganiswa kokuhlangana, ama-piezometer, kanye nama-settlement markers kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuziphatha komhlaba okubikezelwe. Kumabhuloho, ukuqapha ukuphambuka, ukucindezeleka kwekhebula, kanye nekhwalithi yokuxhumeka kungavimbela izinkinga zesikhathi eside.
I-Penutup
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuklama ibhuloho kanye nemihubhe zisekelwe ekuqondeni izidingo zokusebenza, idatha yensimu enembile, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zesakhiwo ezifanele, ukuhlaziywa komthwalo okuphelele, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezici ze-geotechnical, ukwakhiwa, ukuphepha, kanye nokuqina. Amabhuloho adinga ukunakwa kakhulu kwe-aerodynamics, izisekelo, kanye nemiphumela yendawo evulekile, kuyilapho imihubhe idinga ubuhlakani bokuxhumana kwesakhiwo somhlabathi, i-hydrogeology, kanye nokuphepha kwendawo evalekile. Ngendlela ehlelekile nesekelwe engcupheni, ingqalasizinda eyakhiwe ingahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziphephile, ezikhululekile, nezisebenzayo esikhathini eside.
