Izitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ukushisa Komhlaba: Indlela Ezisebenza Ngayo Nezingxenye Zazo
Isitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba siyisikhungo sokukhiqiza esisebenzisa ukushisa okubangelwa yi-geothermal ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ngokungafani nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba ezishisa amalahle, uwoyela, noma igesi, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ngaphansi komhlaba zithembele ekushiseni kwemvelo okuvela ngaphakathi komhlaba. Lokhu kushisa kuvela emisebenzini ye-geological, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo noma imingcele yepuleti le-tectonic. Ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa okubangelwa yi-geothermal kuyatholakala kalula, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ngaphansi komhlaba zaziwa ngokuhlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile (umthwalo wesisekelo) ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zamandla ezivamile.
I-Indonesia iyizwe elinamandla amakhulu okushisa komhlaba ngenxa yendawo yalo ePacific Ring of Fire. La mandla angadlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla, ukuqinisa ukuphepha kukagesi, kanye nokunciphisa ukuncika kumafutha emvelo. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani amandla okushisa komhlaba ebhekwa njengamaqhinga, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izitshalo zamandla okushisa komhlaba zisebenza kanjani kanye nezingxenye zazo ezibalulekile.
Isimiso Esiyisisekelo: Ukuvuna Ukushisa Ngaphansi Kobuso
Ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba kukhona indawo yokugcina amanzi ashisayo, indawo yedwala elinezimbobo eliqukethe uketshezi olushisayo (amanzi ashisayo kanye/noma umusi) emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lawa machibi angakheka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba khona komthombo wokushisa (i-magma noma idwala elishisayo), idwala lokugcina amanzi, kanye nendlela yokugeleza koketshezi. Izitshalo zamandla okushisa ashisayo zisebenza ngokuhambisa lawa manzi ashisayo phezulu ngemithombo yokukhiqiza, zisebenzisa amandla azo ukuguqula i-turbine exhunywe kujeneretha, bese zibuyisela uketshezi olusele emhlabeni ngemithombo yokujova ukuze kugcinwe ukusimama kwesistimu.
Kalula nje, ukugeleza kuwukuthi: ithangi → umthombo wokukhiqiza → ukuhlukaniswa/i-heat exchanger → i-turbine → i-generator → i-condenser/ukupholisa → i-reinjection.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Zokukhiqiza Amandla E-Geothermal
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezivame ukusetshenziswa, ezikhethwe ngokusekelwe ezicini zoketshezi kanye nokushisa kwedamu:
1. Umusi Owomile
Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa umusi owomile ovela edamini ngqo ukushayela i-turbine. Ngenxa yokuthi ludinga idamini elikhiqiza umusi kakhulu, lolu hlobo aluvamile.
2. I-Flash Steam
Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Uketshezi olushisayo nolucindezelwe oluvela emthonjeni wokukhiqiza lufakwa kumshini wokuhlukanisa. Uma ingcindezi incishisiwe, amanye amanzi "ayakhanya" abe umusi. Lomusi ube usuphendula i-turbine. Izinguquko ze-single-flash kanye ne-double-flash (ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba ezimbili) ziyatholakala ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle.
3. Umjikelezo Wesibili
Ifanele amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Uketshezi olusebenzisa i-geothermal alungeni ngqo ku-turbine, kodwa kunalokho lufudumeza uketshezi olusebenzayo lwesibili (isb., i-isobutane noma i-pentane) nge-heat exchanger. Uketshezi lwesibili, olunezinga eliphansi lokubila, luyahwamuka, lujikele i-turbine, bese luqina bese lujikeleza futhi ngomjikelezo ovaliwe. Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukukhishwa okuphansi kakhulu kanye nokuvikelwa okungcono kwemishini ekugqwaleni/ekukhuleni ngoba uketshezi olusebenzisa i-geothermal aludluli ku-turbine.
Indlela Amandla Okushisa Asebenza Ngayo (Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo)
1) Ukuhlola Nokuqinisekisa Idamu Lokugcina Amanzi
Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, kwenziwa izifundo ze-geological, geochemical, kanye ne-geophysical ukuze kutholakale izinkomba ze-geothermal, njengokubonakaliswa kobuso (iziphethu ezishisayo, ama-fumarole), kanye nokudweba imephu yezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Uma sekutholakale indawo ethembisayo, imithombo yokuhlola iyabholwa ukuze kulinganiswe izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukungena kwamanzi, kanye namazinga okugeleza koketshezi. Lolu lwazi lunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ngokwezomnotho kanye nomklamo wesitshalo sikagesi.
2) Ukukhiqizwa Koketshezi Olushisayo Ngemithombo Yokukhiqiza
Uma idamu lifaneleka, kwakhiwa imithombo eminingana yokukhiqiza. Le mithombo iletha uketshezi olushisayo phezulu. Ekhanda lomthombo, ama-valve okuphepha kanye nezinsimbi zilawula ingcindezi kanye nesivinini sokugeleza. Ngenxa yokuthi uketshezi lungabola kakhulu futhi luthwale amaminerali ancibilikisiwe, izinto zokufaka amapayipi kanye nomklamo wokusebenza kumele kubhekele amathuba okugqwala kanye nokukhula.
3) Ukuhlukaniswa Komusi kanye Nokudluliswa Kwamanzi noma Kokushisa
– Ku-flash steam, uketshezi lungena endaweni yokuhlukanisa. I-steam ihlukaniswa namanzi/i-brine. I-steam ehlanzekile iqondiswa ku-turbine, kuyilapho i-brine ingaphinde ikhanyiswe (i-double flash) noma ifakwe ngqo kumjovo.
– Ku-binary, uketshezi lwe-geothermal lungena ku-heat exchanger ukuze lufudumale uketshezi olusebenzayo lwesibili ngaphandle kokuxuba.
Lesi sigaba sibalulekile ngoba sinquma ikhwalithi yomusi, ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine, kanye nokuphila kwemishini.
4) Ukuguqulwa Kwamandla: I-Turbine ijikeleza i-Generator
Intuthu (noma umusi wesibili woketshezi kuma-binary) ishayela ama-turbine blades, iguqula amandla okushisa kanye nengcindezi abe amandla omshini ajikeleza i-shaft. I-turbine shaft ixhunywe ku-generator, eguqula amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetic induction. Ugesi ophumayo ube usulungiswa uhlelo lukagesi ngaphambi kokuba lusakazwe kugridi.
5) Uhlelo Lokuphola Nokuvundisa
Ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine, umusi kumele uncishiswe ukuze kudalwe umfutho ophansi ekuphumeni kwe-turbine, okwandise ukusebenza kahle. Le nqubo yenzeka ku-condenser, bese ukushisa kwenqatshwa ngohlelo lokupholisa. Kunezindlela ezimbili:
– Ukupholisa okumanzi (umbhoshongo wokupholisa okumanzi): kusebenza kahle kodwa kudinga amanzi amaningi.
– Ukupholisa umoya (ukupholisa okomile): ukusebenzisa amanzi kahle, kufaneleka ezindaweni ezomile, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kungancipha uma izinga lokushisa lomoya liphezulu.
6) Ukubuyisela Umjovo Echibini
Uketshezi olusetshenzisiwe (i-brine kanye ne-condensate) lubuyiselwa emhlabathini ngemigodi yokujova. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukugcina ingcindezi yendawo yokugcina amanzi, ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwemithombo yokugcina amanzi, kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela emvelweni ebusweni. Ukubekwa komthombo wokujova kumele kwakhelwe ukuvimbela ukupholisa okusheshayo kwendawo yokukhiqiza (ukuqhuma kokushisa).
7) Ukusatshalaliswa Kwenethiwekhi Kagesi
Amandla avela kujenereyitha akhuliswa ngamandla kagesi kusetshenziswa i-transformer bese esatshalaliswa nge-switchyard kunethiwekhi yokudlulisa. Izinhlelo zokuvikela (ama-relay nama-circuit breaker) ziqinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo sisebenza ngokuphephile ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ukushisa Komhlaba
Nazi izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu, kusukela phezulu kuya phansi:
1. Idamu Lokushisa Elingaphansi Kokushisa
Umthombo wamandla ngamatshe ashisayo kanye noketshezi olugcinwe ngaphansi komhlaba.
2. Imithombo Yokukhiqiza
Umugqa wokungenisa uketshezi olushisayo. Uhlonyiswe ngebhokisi, amapayipi, kanye nomklamo wesamente ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bomthombo.
3. I-Wellhead kanye ne-Safety Valve
Ilawula ukugeleza kanye nokucindezela okuvela emthonjeni. Ihlanganisa ama-valve, ama-choke, kanye namadivayisi okuphepha.
4. Ipayipi Lomphezulu (Uhlelo Lokuqoqa)
Inethiwekhi yamapayipi athutha uketshezi oluvela emithonjeni eminingana luye endaweni yokuhlukanisa noma i-heat exchanger. Ngokuvamile ifakwa umswakama ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokushisa.
5. Isihlukanisi / Isikrufu (se-Flash/Umusi Owomile)
Ukuhlukanisa umusi emanzini anosawoti bese ubamba amaconsi ukuze womise umusi ngaphambi kokungena ku-turbine.
6. I-Heat Exchanger (ye-Binary)
Ukudlulisa ukushisa kusuka oketshezini olushisayo kuya oketshezini olusebenzayo lwesibili ohlelweni oluvaliwe.
7. I-Steam Turbine noma i-Organic Fluid Turbine
Ukuguqula amandla omusi abe amandla omshini. Umklamo we-turbine wenzelwe ukucindezela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezici zomusi.
8. Ijeneretha
Iguqula amandla omshini abe ugesi. Ixhunywe ngqo ku-turbine shaft.
9. I-Condenser
Ukucindezela umusi wokukhipha umoya we-turbine ukuqinisekisa ukucindezela okuphansi kokukhipha kanye nomjikelezo ophumelelayo.
10. Umbhoshongo Wokupholisa / Umoya Opholile
Ukukhulula ukushisa endaweni ezungezile ngamanzi noma emoyeni.
11. Uhlelo Lokufaka Inaliti kanye Nomthombo Wokufaka Inaliti
Ukupompa nokubuyisela uketshezi echibini. Kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni okusimeme.
12. Izinhlelo Zokulawula Nezokusebenzisa Amathuluzi (i-DCS/SCADA)
Iqapha izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukudlidliza kwe-turbine, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nemingcele kagesi, futhi ilawula ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo.
13. Imishini Kagesi: Ama-Transformer, ama-Switchgear, i-Switchyard
Iphatha ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, ukuvikelwa, kanye nokuxhumana nenethiwekhi.
14. Izinhlelo Zokulawula Ukukhishwa Kwegesi kanye namagesi Angapholi
Amanye amadamu akhiqiza amagesi afana ne-CO₂ noma i-H₂S. Izinhlelo zokwelapha (isb., ukunciphisa i-H₂S) zigcina ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini.
Isiphetho: Amandla Nezinselele
Izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa i-geothermal zinikeza ugesi ozinzile, ukukhishwa komoya okuphansi, kanye nendawo encane kakhulu kuneminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo enamandla afanayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kusengaphambili, izingozi zokuhlola, amasu okumba ayinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokuphathwa koketshezi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala, ukuphazamiseka kwesikali, noma kwedamu.
Ngomklamo ofanele—kusukela ekukhetheni umjikelezo (i-flash noma i-binary) kuya kuzilungiselelo zokukhiqiza kanye nokufakwa koketshezi kuya ekulawuleni ukukhishwa kwegesi—i-geothermal ingaba umgogodla wamandla ahlanzekile othembekile. Ukuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani kanye nezingxenye zayo ezibalulekile kusisiza sibone ukuthi amandla e-geothermal angaphezu nje “kokushisa kwe-geothermal kuya kugesi,” kodwa kunalokho uhlelo lobunjiniyela oluhlanganisiwe oluhlanganisa i-geology, ubunjiniyela be-petroleum, i-thermodynamics, kanye nogesi kuchungechunge lwenqubo olulodwa, oluqhubekayo.
