Umklamo Wesistimu Yokuphayipha Yezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ugesi
Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa i-geothermal zisebenzisa amandla okushisa avela emhlabeni ukuze zikhiqize ugesi ngendlela ethembekile neqhubekayo. Ngemuva kwama-turbine nama-generator avame ukugqanyiswa kukhona ingxenye ebaluleke ngokulinganayo: uhlelo lwamapayipi. Uhlelo lwamapayipi asebenzisa i-geothermal luthutha uketshezi olushisayo (ingxube yomusi, amanzi ashisayo/i-brine, kanye negesi engavundi) lusuka emithonjeni yokukhiqiza luye ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, luhlukanise izigaba zoketshezi, lulethe umusi kuyi-turbine, futhi luphathe usawoti kanye ne-condensate ukuze luphinde lufakwe. Ngenxa yemvelo yokubola, ukukala, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nezigaba ezimbili zoketshezi olusebenzisa i-geothermal, ukwakheka kohlelo lwamapayipi kudinga indlela eqinile kakhulu kunezindawo ezivamile zokufaka amapayipi ezimbonini.
1. Qonda izici zoketshezi olusetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekwakhiweni ukuqonda izimo zoketshezi: izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, izinga lokugeleza, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe, i-pH, okuqukethwe kwe-CO₂/H₂S, kanye namathuba okwakheka kwamadiphozithi afana ne-silica, i-calcite, noma ama-sulfide. Uketshezi lwe-geothermal lungaba umusi owomile, ikakhulukazi umusi (umusi we-flash), ikakhulukazi uketshezi (i-brine ezinhlelweni ze-binary), noma ingxube yezigaba ezimbili evela emthonjeni. Uhlobo ngalunye luthinta ukukhethwa kwezinto, ukujiya kwamapayipi, izidingo zokushisa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemishini (abahlukanisi, abahlanzi, abathulisi).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo udinga nokuhlola izingozi zokugqwala nokuguguleka. Ukugqwala kubangelwa yizimo ze-H₂S, CO₂, chloride, kanye ne-pH; kuyilapho ukuguguleka kuvame ukwenzeka ekugelezeni noma ekugelezeni kwezigaba ezimbili ngezinhlayiya eziqinile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu namakhemikhali anamandla kwenza ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kube phakathi kwezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwepayipi: kusukela emthonjeni kuya esiteshini sikagesi
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwamapayipi e-geothermal oluphezulu luhlanganisa:
1. Amapayipi e-Wellhead: axhumanisa kahle umkhiqizo nohlelo lokuqoqa.
2. Inethiwekhi yokuqoqa umusi/usawoti: uketshezi lugeleza lusuka emithonjeni eminingana luye esiteshini sokuhlukanisa noma ngqo esiteshini sikagesi.
3. Umzila oyinhloko womusi: uthwala umusi ogcwele/owomile uye ku-turbine.
4. Ipayipi lokufaka uketshezi/lokupholisha: ligeleza uketshezi olusele lokuhlukanisa noma lokupholisha liye ekufakweni kabusha.
5. Uhlelo lwegesi yomoya kanye negesi engavundisi umoya (NCG): luphatha amagesi angavundisi umoya ukuze lunganciphisi ukusebenza kahle kwe-condenser.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba somqondo, umklami unquma ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kuzokwenziwa eduze komthombo (isihlukanisi se-wellpad) noma phakathi nendawo (ukuhlukaniswa okuphakathi). Ukuhlukaniswa okuseduze komthombo kunganciphisa izinkinga zokugeleza kwezigaba ezimbili kumapayipi akude, kodwa kwandisa inani lemishini kanye nesidingo semisebenzi eminingi. Ukuhlukaniswa okuphakathi kwenza kube lula ukusebenza kodwa kudinga umklamo wepayipi wezigaba ezimbili onzima kakhulu.
3. Ukunqunywa kobubanzi bepayipi kanye nokubalwa kwe-hydraulic
Ububanzi bepayipi bunqunywa ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi okuqondiwe, isivinini sokugeleza, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza (isb., amathuba okuthi amanzi aqhume noma afakwe emanzini agelezayo ngezigaba ezimbili). Emapayipini anomusi, isivinini esikhulu kakhulu sandisa ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi kanye nengozi yokuguguleka, kuyilapho isivinini esiphansi kakhulu singaholela ekuqongeleleni kwe-condensate kanye nokungazinzi kokugeleza. Emapayipini ane-brine, isivinini kumele sanele ukuvimbela ukuchitheka, kodwa singabi ngokweqile ngokwanele ukwandisa ukuguguleka.
Izibalo ze-hydraulic ngokuvamile zifaka:
– Ukwehla kwengcindezi ngenxa yokungqubuzana (ukulahlekelwa ukungqubuzana), izinguquko zokuphakama, kanye nokufakwa (ama-valve, izindololwane, ama-tee).
– Imodeli yezigaba ezimbili (yamapayipi axube umusi namanzi), ecabangela ukushelela phakathi kwezigaba, ingxenye yomusi, kanye nezinguquko zohlelo lokugeleza okungenzeka epayipini.
– Ukuqiniswa komusi emapayipini amade angavikelwe kahle, ngoba ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kuzokhiqiza ukuqiniswa futhi kwandise ingozi yesando samanzi.
Empeleni, ukwakheka kobubanzi kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe: ukukhetha ububanzi bokuqala, ukubala ukucindezeleka kanye nokulahlekelwa yijubane, bese kulungiswa ngenkathi kucatshangelwa izindleko zamapayipi, izindleko zepompo/compressor (uma zikhona), kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesitshalo (ngoba ukulahleka kokucindezela komusi kunciphisa amandla e-turbine).
4. Izinto zombhobho namasu okumelana nokugqwala
Ukukhethwa kwezinto kuncike kumakhemikhali oketshezi kanye nokushisa. Izinhlelo eziningi zomusi zisebenzisa insimbi yekhabhoni, enikeza ukulawula okuhle kokugqwala, kuyilapho imigqa ye-brine ecebile nge-chloride noma ene-pH ephansi ingadinga izinto ezimelana kakhulu njengezinsimbi ezithile ezingagqwali, izinsimbi ze-alloy, noma izembozo zangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nensimbi engagqwali ayiphephile ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yengozi yokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka ngaphansi kwezimo ze-chloride ephezulu kanye nezimo zokushisa.
Amasu okumelana nokugqwala ngokuvamile ayinhlanganisela yalokhu okulandelayo:
– Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele ngokusekelwe kudatha yesampula yoketshezi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokugqwala.
– Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali (isib. ukujova inhibitor ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile).
– Umklamo ogwema izindawo ezimile kanye nemilenze efile, njengoba lezi zindawo zivame ukusheshisa ukugqwala kwendawo.
– Imvume yokugqwala ekujiyeni kwamapayipi, okungukuthi ukujiya okwengeziwe ukuze kulindelwe ukuncishiswa ngesikhathi sokuklama.
5. Ukulawula ukukhulisa nokungcola
Ukwenyuka kwesisindo kuyingozi enkulu emigqeni yamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nemishini yokuhlukanisa. I-Silica, i-calcite, kanye nezinye izimbiwa zingakhukhuleka lapho ukucindezela kanye nokushisa kwehla, noma lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zamakhemikhali (isb., ukususwa kwegesi yi-CO₂). Umklamo wamapayipi kufanele ucabangele:
– gcina izinga lokugeleza kanye nokushisa ukuze kungadluli izimo zokugcwala ngokweqile ngokushesha okukhulu,
- nciphisa amaphuzu okuphazamiseka okukhulu okungabangela ukuqhekeka kwe-nucleation,
– hlinzeka ngokufinyelela kokuhlanza/ukuhlanza lapho kungenzeka khona (yize lokhu kuvame ukuba nzima ngokushisa komhlaba),
– ukusetshenziswa komklamo we-spool okulula ukuwuhlukanisa ezingxenyeni ezivame ukubola.
Ezindaweni eziningi, ukulawulwa kokukala kwenziwa nangokubeka amasu okukhanyisa nokufaka kabusha, kanye nokufaka amakhemikhali okulwa nokulinganisa ezindaweni ezithile.
6. Ukufakwa kokushisa kanye nokuphathwa kwe-condensate
Amapayipi omusi cishe njalo adinga ukufudumala ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokushisa. Ukulahlekelwa ukushisa akugcini nje ngokonakalisa ikhwalithi yomusi kodwa futhi kwandisa ukwakheka kwe-condensate, okungabangela isando samanzi. Ngakho-ke, imiklamo ivame ukufaka:
– Ukushisa okunobukhulu obubalwe ngokusekelwe ekulahlekelweni kokushisa okuqondiwe kanye nomnotho (izindleko zokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokulahlekelwa amandla).
– Faka isicupho kanye nebhodwe lokukhipha amanzi ngomusi ezindaweni eziphansi kanye nangezikhathi ezithile ukuze ukhiphe i-condensate ngendlela elawulwayo.
– Ukuthambekela kwepayipi okuqondile kuya endaweni yokukhipha amanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuminyana kwamanzi ekuhlanganiseni.
I-condensate ephethwe kahle ithuthukisa ukuthembeka kwe-turbine futhi inciphisa izehlakalo zokudlidliza noma ukulimala okubangelwa yi-water hammer.
7. Umklamo wemishini: ukwanda kokushisa, ukwesekwa, kanye nokuguquguquka
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-geothermal abangela ukwanda okukhulu kokushisa kwepayipi. Uma kungavunyelwa, ukucindezeleka kokushisa kungabangela ukuvuza kwe-flange, imifantu ye-weld, noma ukuguqulwa. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwemishini kuhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka kwamapayipi kwezimo zokusebenza, ukuqala, ukuvala, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo.
– Iluphu yokwandisa noma ijoyinti yokwandisa (ngokuqapha, njengoba amajoyinti okwandisa engeza izindawo ezingase zivuvuke futhi adinga ukulungiswa).
– Izisekelo, izikhonkwane, kanye neziqondiso zibekwe ngendlela efanele ukuze ipayipi “lihambe” ngendlela eqondile lapho linwebeka.
– Ukuhlela umzila wamapayipi okunciphisa ukujika okubukhali futhi kusiza ukufinyelela ekuhlolweni.
Ngenxa yokuthi amapayipi avame ukuwela imingcele yendawo enamagquma, izinguquko zokuphakama kanye nokuhlaliswa kwenhlabathi nakho kumele kucatshangelwe ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo nezisekelo.
8. Ukuphepha, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, kanye nokulawula
Izinhlelo zamapayipi asebenzisa umoya oshisayo zithwala uketshezi olushisayo olucindezelwe kanye namagesi ayingozi njenge-H₂S. Umklamo wokuphepha uhlanganisa:
– Ukuhlukaniswa nokulawula ama-valve ukuze kube lula ukulungiswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka.
– I-valve yokukhulula ukucindezeleka (i-PRV) kanye nesistimu yokukhipha umoya (umoya/isitaki) eyenzelwe izimo zokucindezela ngokweqile.
– Ukutholwa kwe-H₂S, izinqubo zokuhlanza, kanye nokubekwa kwemimoya ekhipha umoya ecabangela isiqondiso somoya kanye nezindawo zokuphepha.
– Izinsimbi ezifana nama-pressure transmitter, izinto zokushisa, amamitha okugeleza, kanye nokuqapha i-drain ukuthola ama-anomals (isb., ukwehla kwengcindezi okuhlobene nokukhula).
Ubuqotho besistimu busekelwa futhi yinqubo yokuqalisa elawula ukufudumeza kwamapayipi kancane kancane ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaqeka kokushisa.
9. Ukwakha, ukuhlola kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside
Ikhwalithi yokwenziwa nokufakwa ibalulekile ukuze uhlelo luhlale isikhathi eside. Ukushisela kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso, ngokuhlolwa kwe-NDT (radiographic/ultrasonic) emajoyintini abalulekile. Ngemva kokufakwa, ukuhlolwa kwamanzi noma komoya kwenziwa njengoba kudingeka, kanye nokomisa kanye nokuqaliswa okuphephile. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, uhlelo lokuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile luqapha ukugqwala, ukuncipha kodonga, ukudlidliza, kanye nokuvuza okuncane okungaba ukwehluleka okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zamapayipi okushisa komhlaba zenzelwe kahle ukuthi “zilungele ukulungiswa”: kunendawo yokushintsha amavalvu amakhulu, ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokukhipha amanzi, kanye nokulula kokufaka izinzwa ezengeziwe njengoba insimu ikhula.
I-Penutup
Umklamo wohlelo lwamapayipi ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi okushisa komhlaba yinqubo ehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi ehlanganisa ama-hydraulic, izinto zokwakha, imishini yamapayipi, ubunjiniyela bokushisa, ikhemistri yoketshezi, kanye nezici zokuphepha. Inselele enkulu ivela esimweni esinamandla, esinezigaba ezimbili, kanye nokwakheka kwediphozithi yoketshezi olushisayo lomhlaba. Ngokucushwa kwenethiwekhi efanele, ukubalwa kobubanzi okucophelelayo, izinto zokwakha ezifanele, ukukala kanye nokulawula ukugqwala, kanye nomklamo wokuguquguquka kokushisa okucatshangelwe kahle kanye nokuphepha, izinhlelo zamapayipi zingasebenza kahle amashumi eminyaka. Ekugcineni, ukuthembeka kwamapayipi akuyona nje inkinga yokusetshenziswa, kodwa kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle, okuphephile, nokuqhubekayo kwezitshalo zamandla kagesi okushisa komhlaba.
