Ukusebenza Kahle Kwejeneretha Ezinhlelweni Zokukhiqiza Izinto Ezishisayo
Izitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ugesi Oshisayo (i-PLTP), noma izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ugesi oshisayo, zaziwa njengomthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo onokwethenjelwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuzinzile njengezinjini zokukhiqiza amandla. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuzinza kukhona uchungechunge olude lwezinqubo zokuguqulwa kwamandla: kusukela ekushiseni komhlaba kuya emandleni omshini avela kuma-turbine, bese kuba ngamandla kagesi ngama-generator. Kukulesi sigaba sokugcina lapho indima yomshini iba yinto ebalulekile khona. Ukusebenza kahle komshini akunqumi nje kuphela ukuthi angakanani amandla kagesi angavunwa kusukela ekujikelezweni kwe-turbine kodwa futhi kuthinta izindleko zokusebenza, ukuthembeka kohlelo, kanye nokusebenza kwesitshalo iyonke.
Isikhundla Sejeneretha Kuchungechunge Lokuguqulwa Kwamandla E-Geothermal
Ngokuvamile, amandla okushisa avela endaweni yokugcina amanzi asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza umusi (noma olunye uketshezi olusebenzayo), olube seluphendula i-turbine. I-turbine shaft ixhunywe ku-generator ehambisanayo (ngokuvamile) ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Kuleli qophelo, amandla omshini (i-torque kanye nokujikeleza) aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-generator kuchaza ukuthi angakanani amandla omshini omshini aguqulwa abe umphumela kagesi, ngemva kokususa ukulahlekelwa kwangaphakathi.
Nakuba ukusebenza kahle kwejeneretha yesimanje kuvame ukuba phezulu (ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-97–99% kumayunithi amakhulu), umthelela ubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto njengezitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba. Umehluko we-0,5% kuphela ungasho ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okukhulu ngonyaka, ekugcineni kuholele ezindleleni eziphakeme zikagesi (LCOE) kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe zokupholisa.
Incazelo kanye Nendlela Yokulinganisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kwejeneretha
Ukusebenza kahle kwejeneretha ngokuvamile kuchazwa kanje:
η = (P_out / P_in) × 100%
– P_out: amandla okukhipha ijeneretha (esiphethini)
– P_in: ukufakwa kwamandla omshini kushafti wejeneretha (kusuka ku-turbine)
Kodwa-ke, emkhakheni, ukulinganisa okuqondile kwe-P_in akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kuvame ukulinganiselwa kusukela ekulahlekelweni okubalwa ngokusekelwe kudatha yokusebenza, ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwefektri, noma ukuhlolwa kwendawo. Ngokomongo wezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa i-geothermal, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kumele futhi kucabangele ukuhlukahluka komthwalo, amandla, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, ikhwalithi yokupholisa, kanye nezimo zokushisa kanye nokuqondaniswa kwemishini.
Imithombo Yokulahlekelwa Kumajeneretha E-Geothermal
Ukusebenza kahle kwejeneretha kuthinteka yilahleko ezahlukahlukene, ezingahlukaniswa ngokujwayelekile zibe:
1. Ukulahlekelwa yithusi
Ukulahleka kwethusi kwenzeka ngoba ugesi ku-stator kanye ne-rotor windings kukhiqiza ukushisa ngenxa yokumelana (I²R). Emithwalweni ephezulu, ukulahleka kwethusi kuyanda kakhulu. Ezitshalweni zamandla ze-geothermal, ukusebenza komthwalo wesisekelo kuvame ukugcina ugesi ozinzile, kodwa ukuhlukahluka kwamandla kanye ne-voltage kungashintsha ubukhulu bamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe ukulahleka kwethusi.
2. Ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi/umongo
Ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi kufaka phakathi i-hysteresis kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-eddy current ku-stator iron core ngenxa yokushintsha kwe-magnetic flux. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuhlobene ne-voltage, imvamisa, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto eziyinhloko. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-generator ngokuvamile asebenza ngemvamisa engaguquki (50/60 Hz), ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi kuzinzile, kodwa kunganda uma kwenzeka ukugeleza ngokweqile (isb., uma i-voltage iphezulu kakhulu ngemvamisa ehleliwe).
3. Ukulahlekelwa Yimishini (Umoya Ovunguzayo Nokungqubuzana)
Ukulahlekelwa kwemishini kuvela ekungqubuzaneni kwamabhere kanye nokujikijelana kwezingxenye ezijikelezayo. Kumajeneretha amakhulu ajikelezayo ngesivinini esivumelanayo, ukulahlekelwa kwemishini kungaba yinto encane, ikakhulukazi uma kunezinkinga ngohlelo lokuthambisa noma ukulungiswa kweshafu.
4. Ukulahlekelwa Okungeziwe (Ukulahlekelwa Umthwalo Olahlekile)
Ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe kufaka phakathi imiphumela ye-harmonics, ukuvuza kwe-flux, ukungapheleli kokukhiqiza, nezinye izenzakalo ze-electromagnetic ezivela ngaphansi komthwalo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ukukuhlukanisa futhi kudinga izindlela ezithile zokuhlola ukuze kulinganiswe.
5. Ukulahlekelwa Ohlelweni Lokuvusa Nokupholisa
Ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa yijeneretha yangaphakathi, kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ohlelweni lokuvusa, amafeni, amaphampu okupholisa, noma uhlelo lokupholisa i-hydrogen (emiklamo ethile). Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kubalwa njengamandla asekelayo, ngokombono wohlelo lokukhiqiza, konke lokhu kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kwenetha.
Izinselele Ezikhethekile Zezindawo Ezishisayo
Amajeneretha ezitshalweni zamandla angaphansi komhlaba abhekana nezimo zemvelo ezingahluka kunezo ezisezitshalweni zamandla ezivamile ezishisayo.
1. Okuqukethwe kwe-H2S kanye namagesi agqwalisayo
Amanye amasimu okushisa komhlaba aqukethe amagesi agqwalisayo njenge-hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Uma izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya nokuvala zinganele, ukugqwala kungasheshisa ukuwohloka kwezingxenye, okuhlanganisa ukuxhumana kukagesi namasongo okugcina, ekugcineni kwandise ukulahlekelwa kanye nengozi yokuphazamiseka.
2. Umswakama kanye nokungcola
Umswakama ophezulu kanye nokungcola okungenzeka kungonakalisa ukuvikela okugoqekayo. Ukuvikela okonakele kubangela ukuvuza kwamanje, ukushisa kwendawo, futhi kwandisa amathuba okukhishwa kwengxenye.
3. Ukuguquguquka kwezimo zomusi kanye nemithwalo ye-turbine
Ngisho noma isitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba sizinzile, ukukhiqizwa komusi kungashintshashintsha ngenxa yobukhulu, izinguquko ekucindezelweni kwedamu, noma izimo zemithombo. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kungathinta umthwalo wejeneretha, isici samandla, kanye nokushisa kokusebenza, konke okubangela izinguquko zokusebenza kahle.
Izici Zokusebenza Ezinquma Ukusebenza Kahle
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokusebenza ezinethonya elikhulu:
– Ukulayisha: Amajeneretha ngokuvamile anephuzu lokusebenza kahle ngaphakathi kobubanzi bomthwalo othize. Ukusebenza phansi kakhulu kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okuhleliwe (ukulahlekelwa okuyinhloko, ukulahlekelwa komshini) ukuthi kube namandla.
– Isici samandla: isici samandla aphansi sandisa ugesi wamandla asebenzayo afanayo, ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa kwethusi kuyanda.
– Izinga lokushisa: ukumelana nokugoba kuyanda ngokushisa. Ukupholisa okungasebenzi kahle kwandisa ukulahlekelwa kwethusi futhi kusheshise ukuguga kokuvikela.
– Ikhwalithi ye-voltage: ukuphambuka kwe-harmonic noma i-voltage engalingani kungandisa ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe kanye nokushisa.
Amasu Okukhulisa Nokugcina Ukusebenza Kahle Kwejeneretha
1. Ukukhetha Umklamo Ofanele kanye Nesilinganiso
Kusukela esigabeni sokuklama, ukukhethwa kwejeneretha kumele kuhambisane nezici ze-turbine kanye nephrofayili yokusebenza kwesitshalo samandla esishisayo. Ukwandisa kakhulu ubukhulu kungabangela ukusebenza komthwalo oyingxenye njalo, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle okumaphakathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwehlisa ubukhulu kwandisa izinga lokushisa kanye nokulahlekelwa kwethusi.
2. Ukuthuthukisa Uhlelo Lokupholisa
Ukupholisa okuhle kubalulekile. Ukuhlanza i-heat exchanger, ukulawula ukuhamba kwe-coolant, kanye nokuqapha amazinga okushisa ajikelezayo (ngama-RTD noma ama-thermal sensor) kusiza ukugcina ukumelana okuphansi nokuvimbela izindawo ezishisayo.
3. Ukugcinwa Kokuvimbela Nokubikezela
Uhlelo oluqinile lokulungisa lungavimbela ukwehla kokusebenza kahle, isibonelo:
- ukuhlolwa kwama-bearings kanye nezinhlelo zokugcoba,
– ukuhlolwa kokuhlukaniswa (IR/PI), i-tan delta, kanye nokukhishwa kwengxenye,
- ukuhlola ukulinganisa kwe-rotor kanye nokuqondanisa,
– ukuhlanzwa kwangaphakathi kothuli/izinhlayiya ezingaphazamisa ukungena komoya.
4. Uhlelo Lokulawula Amandla Nokuvusa Imizwa
Ukulawulwa okufanele kokuvuselela kusiza ukugcina i-voltage kanye ne-power factor ngokwezidingo zesistimu. Ukugwema ukusebenza nge-power factor ephansi kakhulu kuzonciphisa ukulahleka kwamanje kwe-stator kanye ne-I²R. Kumanethiwekhi adinga ukwesekwa kwamandla okusabela, amasu okubuyisela angaphandle (isb., ama-capacitor noma ama-STATCOM) ngezinye izikhathi asebenza kahle kakhulu kunokuphoqa i-generator ukuthi isebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezandisa ukushisa.
5. Ukuqapha Ku-inthanethi Nokuhlaziya Idatha
Izitshalo eziningi zamandla kagesi asebenzisa i-geothermal (PLTPs) okwamanje zisebenzisa ukuqapha isimo ku-inthanethi, okuhlanganisa ukudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, amandla kagesi/i-voltage, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezitayela. Ngendlela eqhutshwa idatha, ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kungatholakala kusenesikhathi—isibonelo, ngokwandisa izinga lokushisa le-stator ngomthwalo ofanayo noma ngokushintsha kokulahlekelwa komoya ngenxa yokuvaleka kwemigudu yomoya.
Umthelela Wokusebenza Kahle Kwejeneretha Ekusebenzeni Kwesitshalo Samandla Esishisayo
Ukusebenza kahle kwejeneretha kuthinta izici eziningana ezibalulekile:
– Ukukhishwa kwamandla aphelele: lapho ukulahlekelwa kwejeneretha kukhuphuka, amandla amancane athengiswa kugridi.
– Izidingo zokupholisa kanye nemithwalo esekelayo: ukulahlekelwa kuguqulwa kube ukushisa okumele kwenqatshwe, okwandisa umsebenzi wohlelo lokupholisa.
– Ukuthembeka nokuphila kwempahla: ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kusho amazinga okushisa aphezulu, okusheshisa ukuguga kwe-insulation futhi kwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka.
– Umnotho wephrojekthi: ekusebenzeni komthwalo oyisisekelo, ngisho nokuthuthuka okuncane ekusebenzeni kahle kungabangela ukwengezwa kwamandla amakhulu ngonyaka, ukwandisa imali engenayo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko nge-kWh ngayinye.
I-Penutup
Esitshalweni samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, ijenereyitha iyindawo yokugcina yokuguqulwa kwamandla, okunquma ukuthi amandla okujikeleza e-turbine ahunyushwa kahle kangakanani abe ugesi. Ngenkathi ukusebenza kahle kwejenereyitha ngokuvamile kuphezulu, iminikelo evela ekulahlekelweni kwethusi, ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwemishini, kanye nezinselele eziyingqayizivele endaweni engaphansi komhlaba, kungonakalisa ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo zamandla ezisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba zisebenza njalo, zigcina ukusebenza kahle kwejenereyitha ngokuklama okufanele, ukupholisa okuhle, ukulawulwa kwamandla, kanye nokugcinwa nokuqapha okuqhutshwa idatha kuzohlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi: ukwanda kwamandla ahlanzekile, izindleko zokusebenza ezincishisiwe, kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi eside kwemishini.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza isibonelo esilula sokubala (isib. umthelela womehluko ongu-0,5% ekusebenzeni kahle ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke esiteshini samandla kagesi esingu-55 MW), noma ngihlele lesi sihloko ngesakhiwo sejenali (incazelo emfushane–indlela–ingxoxo–isiphetho) njengoba kudingeka.
