Umklamo Wesistimu Yemibhobho Yezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ugesi
Izinsizakusebenza ze-geothermal ziwuhlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo anamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza ugesi. Ukushisa okugcinwe emhlabeni kungakhishwa futhi kuguqulwe kube amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zamapayipi eziklanywe kahle. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kohlelo lwamapayipi ezitshalweni zamandla ze-geothermal kubalulekile ekusebenziseni la mandla ngendlela ephumelelayo neqhubekayo.
I-Pendahuluan
Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa i-geothermal zisebenza ngokusebenzisa ukushisa komhlaba ukukhiqiza umusi noma amanzi ashisayo, abese esetshenziselwa ukushayela ama-turbine nokukhiqiza ugesi. Isici esibalulekile sesitshalo samandla esisebenzisa i-geothermal ukwakheka kohlelo lwe-conduit, olunesibopho sokukhipha nokuhambisa ukushisa kusuka emthonjeni we-geothermal kuya esitshalo samandla. Lo mklamo uhilela izingxenye namasu ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukubhoboza imithombo, ukwakhiwa kwe-conduit, kanye nokufakwa kwe-heat exchanger.
Ukubhoboza Imithombo Ye-Geothermal
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuklama uhlelo lwamapayipi esitshalo samandla angaphansi komhlaba ukumba imithombo. Imithombo ye-geothermal ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: imithombo yokukhiqiza kanye nemithombo ye-injection. Imithombo yokukhiqiza idonsa uketshezi olushisayo echibini le-geothermal, kuyilapho imithombo ye-injection ibuyisela uketshezi olupholile phansi ukuze kugcinwe ingcindezi ye-reservoir.
Amasu Okubhoboza
Ukubhoboza imithombo ye-geothermal kudinga amasu nemishini ekhethekile ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezingaphansi komhlaba. Kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokubhoboza esheshayo ekwazi ukungena ezingxenyeni zamadwala aqinile. Uhlelo lokubhoboza kumele lwakhiwe ukuze lufinyelele ekujuleni okudingekayo ukuze kutholakale umthombo wokushisa owanele, ovame ukutholakala ekujuleni ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba.
Ibhokisi kanye neSimende
Uma ukubhoboza sekuqediwe, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa umthombo nge-casing (ipayipi lensimbi) bese uqinisa igebe eliphakathi kwepayipi nodonga lomthombo. I-casing isebenza ukuvimbela udonga lomthombo ukuthi lungawi futhi ivimbele uketshezi oluvela ngaphansi komhlaba ukuthi lungaphumi. I-samente esetshenziswayo kumele imelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokugqwala ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bomthombo isikhathi eside.
Izinhlelo Zokuthutha Amapayipi Noketshezi
Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwemibhobho ye-geothermal kuhilela ukufaka inethiwekhi yepayipi esebenza kahle yokuthutha uketshezi oluvela emthonjeni wokukhiqiza luye esiteshini sikagesi bese lubuyela emthonjeni wokujova. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zamapayipi kubalulekile ngoba uketshezi lwe-geothermal luvame ukubola kakhulu.
Izinto Zombhobho
Insimbi engagqwali kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezingagqwali zivame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zamapayipi asebenzisa i-geothermal. Kwezinye izimo, kudingeka ama-alloy akhethekile amelana nokugqwala okukhulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa amapayipi ambozwe ngezinto zokuvikela ezifana ne-Teflon noma i-epoxy kungasiza ekwandiseni impilo yamapayipi.
I-Thermal Insulation
Ngenxa yokuthi uketshezi olusebenzisa umoya oshisayo lushisa kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuvikela amapayipi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Ukuvikela ukushisa kufezwa ngokugoqa amapayipi ngezinto zokuvikela ukushisa ezifana noboya bamaminerali noma izinto ezihlanganisiwe zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ezingashisi ukushisa.
Ama-Heat Exchanger kanye Nokucubungula Uketshezi
Uma uketshezi lwe-geothermal selufinyelele phezulu, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukudlulisa ukushisa kusuka kuketshezi kuye endaweni yokusebenza (njengamanzi noma uketshezi oluphilayo emjikelezweni we-Rankine). Lokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa i-heat exchanger, edlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwe-geothermal conduit.
Izinhlobo Zezishintshi Zokushisa
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-heat exchanger angasetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa i-geothermal:
– I-Double Pipe Heat Exchanger: Ihlanganisa amapayipi amabili aqinile, lapho uketshezi olushisayo lugeleza khona ngepayipi langaphakathi bese uketshezi olubandayo lugeleza ngesikhala esizungezile.
– I-Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger: Yakhiwe ngamapayipi amaningi agcinwe ngaphakathi kwegobolondo. Uketshezi olushisayo nolubandayo lugeleza ngezindlela ezihlukene, ludlulisa ukushisa ezindongeni zamapayipi.
– I-Plate Heat Exchanger: Iqukethe uchungechunge lwamapuleti ensimbi ashintshanayo. Uketshezi olushisayo nolubandayo lugeleza ngemigudu eyakhiwe amapuleti.
Ukukhethwa kohlobo lwesishintshi sokushisa kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezifana nomthamo wokushisa, ingcindezi yokusebenza, kanye nezakhiwo zoketshezi lwe-geothermal. Ukuhlolwa okucophelelayo kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu kanye nokuthembeka kwayo okuphezulu.
Ukucubungula Uketshezi
Uketshezi olusebenzisa umoya oshisayo luvame ukuqukatha amagesi ancibilikisiwe angabangela izinkinga zemvelo nezokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa koketshezi kuvame ukudingeka ngaphambi noma ngemva kwenqubo yokushintshanisa ukushisa. Lokhu kwelashwa kungabandakanya:
– Umhluzi: Ususa amagesi ancibilikisiwe njenge-CO2 ne-H2S oketshezini.
– Ukuhlunga: Ukususa izinhlayiya eziqinile ezixutshwe oketshezini.
– Ukuna kwamakhemikhali: Kususa amakhemikhali ayingozi noma kunciphisa izici zokugqwala koketshezi.
Uhlelo Lokufaka Uketshezi Kabusha
Ingxenye ebalulekile yomklamo wesistimu yemibhobho ye-geothermal ukubuyisela uketshezi olupholile emhlabathini ngemigodi yokujova. Lokhu kugcina ingcindezi echibini le-geothermal futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwesitshalo samandla.
Isu Lokufaka Umjovo
Ukujova ngoketshezi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu amaningana ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu:
– Ukujova Okuqondile: Uketshezi lupholiswa kuphela ekushiseni okuthile bese luphinde lujovwe ngokushesha.
– Ukujova Ngezigaba: Ukupholisa ngezigaba kwenziwa ukuze kusetshenziswe ukushisa okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba uketshezi luphinde lujovwe.
– Ukujova Okuqhubekayo: Ukuthatha indlela lapho uketshezi lujovwa khona njalo ngesivinini esingaguquki, okusiza ekugcineni ukuqina kwengcindezi yedamu.
Ukuphathwa Komthombo Womjovo
Imithombo yokujova kumele iphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukala (ukwakheka kwezingqimba zamaminerali) kanye nokuvalwa, okungavimbela ukuhamba koketshezi. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezifanele zamapayipi, kanye nokuqapha njalo nokugcinwa kwemithombo yokujova, kubalulekile ukuvimbela lezi zinkinga.
Ukuqapha Nokunakekela Uhlelo
Ukuqapha nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zemibhobho ye-geothermal kuyisici esibalulekile somklamo ozinzile nothembekile. Izinzwa nemishini yokuqapha isetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuvuza, izinguquko zokucindezela, noma ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kokushisa ngaphakathi kohlelo.
Uhlelo Lokulungisa
Ukuhlela ukulungiswa nokuhlolwa okuvamile kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuhlola isimo samapayipi, ama-heat exchanger, kanye nemithombo yamanzi. Ukugcinwa kuvame ukuhilela izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukugqwala, ukukala, kanye nezinye izinkinga ezingathinta ukusebenza kohlelo.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokuqapha
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezixhunywe ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezenzakalelayo. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa:
– Izinzwa Zokushisa Nokucindezela: Kala izinga lokushisa nokucindezela ezindaweni ezahlukene ohlelweni lwepayipi.
– Inzwa Yokugqwala: Ikhomba ukuba khona kokugqwala emapayipini nasemishinini.
– Uhlelo Lokuqapha Imvelo: Luvumela ukuqapha umthelela wemvelo wemisebenzi yezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ugesi.
Isiphetho
Ukuklama uhlelo lwepayipi lesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela imikhakha eminingi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekubholeni imithombo kuya ekuthuthweni koketshezi kanye nokuqapha uhlelo, yonke into kumele iklanywe futhi iphathwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle, ukusimama, kanye nokusebenza okuphephile. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa izimiso zokuklama nokulungisa ezinengqondo, amandla amakhulu amandla angaphansi komhlaba angasetshenziswa kahle ukuze kube nekusasa lamandla elizinzile nelihlanzekile.
