Ukwakhiwa Nokufakwa Kwesitshalo Samandla Esishisayo
Isitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba (i-PLTP) siyisitshalo samandla esisebenzisa ukushisa okubangelwa ukushisa komhlaba ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ngokungafani nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ukushisa komhlaba zisebenzisa imithombo yamandla etholakala ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo noma amazinga aphezulu okushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi zingasebenza njengezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba ezinokutholakala okuphezulu, ama-PLTP ayinsika ebalulekile yokuguquka kwamandla, okuhlanganisa nase-Indonesia, enekhono elikhulu lokushiswa komhlaba. Lesi sihloko sixoxa kafushane kodwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezimiso zokuklama, izingxenye eziyinhloko, kanye nezigaba zokufakwa kwesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba.
1. Izimiso Zokusebenza kanye Nezinhlobo Zemijikelezo Yezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ukushisa Komhlaba
Ngokuvamile, ukushisa okuvela endaweni yokugcina amanzi kudluliselwa kuketshezi olusebenzayo ukuze kuguqulwe i-turbine exhunywe kujeneretha. Ukukhetha uhlobo lomjikelezo wamandla kunqunywa izinga lokushisa kanye nezici zoketshezi lwendawo yokugcina amanzi:
1. Umusi Owomile
Umusi owomile ovela emthonjeni wokukhiqiza ugeleza ngqo ku-turbine. Lolu hlelo lulula, kodwa lufanelekela kuphela amasimu anomthamo ophezulu womusi kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yomusi.
2. I-Flash Steam (I-Flash Eyodwa/Ephindwe Kabili)
Uketshezi olusebenzisa umoya ngokuvamile luyimanzi ashisayo anomfutho ophezulu. Uma umfutho uncishisiwe (ku-separator), olunye uketshezi "lukhanya" lube umusi, bese luphendula i-turbine. Izinhlelo ze-double-flash zisebenzisa amazinga amabili okuhlukanisa ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
3. Umjikelezo Wesibili (ORC/Kalina)
Kumazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo, amandla okushisa komhlaba ashisa uketshezi lwesibili olunezinga eliphansi lokubila (isb., i-isobutane/pentane noma ingxube ye-ammonia-water). Uketshezi lwesibili luyahwamuka bese luphendula i-turbine. Inzuzo ukukhishwa okuphansi kakhulu ngoba uketshezi olushisayo lomhlaba alungeni ngqo ku-turbine futhi ngokuvamile luqukethwe ngaphakathi kohlelo oluvaliwe.
Ukukhetha umjikelezo kuyisinqumo sokuqala sokuklama ngoba kuthinta ukucushwa kwamapayipi, imishini emikhulu, izindleko, kanye nokusebenza kahle.
2. Isigaba Sokuklama: Kusukela Esifundweni Sokuqala kuya Ku-FEED
Umklamo wesitshalo samandla angaphansi komhlaba uqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokwakhiwa. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa:
– Izifundo ze-Geological, geochemical, kanye ne-geophysical ukuze kudwetshwe izinhlelo ze-geothermal.
– Ukuhlola nokumba imithombo ukuze kutholakale idatha ngokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nokwakheka koketshezi.
– Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza (ukuhlolwa kwemithombo) ukuqinisekisa umthamo womthombo kanye nokuqina kwedamu.
Uma isisetshenziswa sesibhekwa njengesisebenzayo, kwenziwa i-pre-FEED kanye ne-FEED (Front End Engineering Design). Kulesi sigaba, onjiniyela bakha isisekelo sokuklama: umthamo oqondiwe (isb., 55 MW), uhlobo lomjikelezo, amapharamitha okusebenza ayisihluthulelo, ama-targets okutholakala, izidingo zokuxhumeka kwegridi, kanye nemingcele yemvelo neyezenhlalo.
3. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Ekwakhiweni Kwezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ugesi
a. Uhlelo Lokukhiqiza Nokufaka Umjovo
Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ugesi zithembele emigodini emibili yokukhiqiza kanye neyokufaka umjovo. Imithombo yokukhiqiza iphakamisa uketshezi olusebenzisa ugesi olusebenzisa ugesi oluvela ngaphansi komhlaba, kuyilapho imigodi yokufaka umjovo ibuyisela amanzi ahlanzekile/i-condensate ukuze kugcinwe ingcindezi yamanzi kanye nokusimama kwemithombo. Umklamo ucabangela:
– ukujula nobubanzi bebhokisi,
- ukulawulwa kokugqwala kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga,
– isu lokujova ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka kokushisa (ukupholisa okusheshayo endaweni yokukhiqiza).
b. Uhlelo Lokuqoqa (Ipayipi Lokuqoqa)
Uketshezi oluvela emithonjeni eminingana lugeleza ngenethiwekhi yamapayipi luye esikhungweni esiyinhloko. Umklamo wohlelo lokuqoqa uhlanganisa:
– ukukhethwa kwezinto zombhobho (okumelana nokugqwala/ukuguguleka),
- ukunqunywa kobubanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukwehla kwengcindezi,
– ukubekwa kwezindawo zokulahla amanzi, iziteshi zamavalvu, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi/zokungenisa umoya,
– isinxephezelo sokwanda kokushisa (iluphu yokwandisa, ukwesekwa, ihange).
c. Isihlukanisi kanye ne-Scrubber (ye-Flash Steam)
Esitshalweni samandla esisheshayo esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, isihlukanisi sihlukanisa umusi kanye ne-brine. Ama-scrubber anciphisa amaconsi amanzi ukuqinisekisa umusi osezingeni eliphezulu ongena ku-turbine, avimbele ukuguguleka kwe-blade. Umklamo wesihlukanisi ucabangela izinga lokugeleza, ingxenye yomusi, ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi, kanye nokudluliselwa okungenzeka.
d. Ama-turbine nama-generator
Ama-turbine e-geothermal aklanyelwe izici zomusi ezihlukile kulezo zomusi webhoyila ojwayelekile: okuqukethwe kwegesi okungafudumali, ukugqwala okungenzeka, kanye nokwehluka kwekhwalithi yomusi. Ijeneretha kanye nohlelo lokuvumelanisa kuklanyelwe ukuhambisana nemvamisa yegridi kanye ne-voltage, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuvikela (zokudlulisa) kanye nezokuvuselela.
e. I-Condenser, i-Cooling Tower, kanye ne-Cooling System
Ezitshalweni eziningi zamandla okushisa komhlaba, umusi wokukhipha umoya ovela ku-turbine uyancishiswa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle. Uhlelo lokupholisa lungaba:
– umbhoshongo wokupholisa omanzi (osebenza kahle kodwa udinga amanzi),
– i-condenser epholiswe ngomoya (iyonga amanzi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuthinteka yizinga lokushisa elizungezile).
Ukukhetha uhlelo lokupholisa kuthonywa ukutholakala kwamanzi, izimo zezulu, kanye nezidingo zemvelo.
f. Uhlelo Lokususa Igesi
Amagesi angewona aqinile (isb., i-CO₂ kanye ne-H₂S) angaphazamisa i-vacuum ye-condenser. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa ama-ejector e-steam jet noma amaphampu e-vacuum. Ku-H₂S, izinhlelo zokulawula ukukhishwa komoya (isb., ama-scrubbers noma izindlela ezithile zokuxilisa) zivame ukufakwa, zihambisana nemithetho yekhwalithi yomoya.
g. Ukuxhumana Kwezinhlelo Zikagesi Nenethiwekhi
Izikhungo zikagesi zifaka:
– i-transformer ekhuphukayo,
– indawo yokushintsha,
- izintambo zikagesi, ukuvikelwa, kanye ne-SCADA,
– izifundo zesistimu yamandla: ukugeleza komthwalo, i-short circuit, i-harmonics, kanye nokuzinza.
Ukuxhumana negridi kudinga ukuhambisana nekhodi yegridi, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokugibela kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla okusabela.
h. Ukufakwa Kwezinsimbi, Ukulawula, kanye Nokuphepha
I-DCS/PLC ilawula inqubo, kuyilapho i-SIS (Safety Instrumented System) isetshenziselwa ukuvikela okubalulekile. Izici ezibalulekile zokuphepha zifaka:
- ukuvikelwa kokucindezela ngokweqile,
- Ukutholwa kwe-H₂S,
- uhlelo lokucisha umlilo,
– izinqubo zokuqalisa/ukuvala kanye nokusabela eziphuthumayo.
4. Izinto Ezibalulekile Okucatshangelwayo: Ukugqwala, Ukukhula, kanye Nokuthembeka
Uketshezi olusebenzisa umoya oshisayo lungaqukatha ama-chloride, i-silica, kanye namagesi e-asidi. Izinkinga ezimbili ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
– Ukugqwala kwamapayipi, amavalvu, kanye nemishini; ukunciphisa ngokukhetha izinto, ukumboza, izithiyo, kanye nokulawula amakhemikhali.
– Ukulinganisa (ukufakwa kwe-silica/carbonate) okuvala amapayipi futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza; kuncishiswa ngokulawula izinga lokushisa/ingcindezi, ukulinganisa amakhemikhali, kanye nemiklamo eyenza kube lula ukuhlanza.
Ukuthembeka kuqhutshwa ukwakheka kokuphindaphindeka kwamaphampu, izinhlelo zikagesi ezibalulekile, kanye namasu okulungisa asekelwe ezimweni.
5. Izigaba Zokufaka: Kusukela Emisebenzini Yomphakathi Kuya Ekuqalisweni Kwemisebenzi
a. Imisebenzi Yokulungiselela kanye Neyomphakathi
Ukufakwa kuqala ngokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo yokungena, ukulungiswa komhlaba, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, kanye nezisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi amasimu amaningi okushisa komhlaba atholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ukuhlela ubuchwepheshe be-geotechnical kanye nokunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba kubalulekile. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokulahla amanzi, izindawo zezitshalo, kanye nezindawo ezisekelayo (ama-workshop, izindawo zokugcina amanzi, kanye namakamu).
b. Ukufakwa Kwemishini Eyinhloko
Imishini efana nezihlukanisi, ama-turbine, ama-generator, ama-condenser, kanye nemibhoshongo yokupholisa yafakwa ngokwendlela yokwakha. Ukuphakamisa kwakudinga uhlelo oluqinile lokubopha ngenxa yesisindo esinzima nendawo enzima. Ukuqondanisa i-turbine ne-generator kwakuwumsebenzi oqondile wokuvimbela ukudlidliza ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
c. Ukufakwa Kwamapayipi Nomshini
Amapayipi omusi kanye ne-brine afakiwe kucatshangelwa:
– ukushisela kwekhwalithi kanye ne-NDT (i-radiography/UT),
– ukuhlolwa kwamanzi noma ukuhlolwa komoya ngokwenqubo,
- ukufakwa kwezisekelo, amajoyinti okunweba, namavalvu,
– ukuvikela ukushisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokushisa nokuvikela abasebenzi.
d. Ukufakwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi Zikagesi
Umsebenzi uhlanganisa ukufakwa kwezintambo zikagesi, amathreyi, amaphaneli, ama-transformer, ama-switchgear, i-grounding, kanye namathuluzi asensimini (ingcindezi/izinga lokushisa/ukugeleza). Ukulinganiswa kwamathuluzi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokulawula kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokusebenza.
e. Ukuqala Kokuthunywa Nokuthunywa
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:
- ukuhlanza nokuhlanza amapayipi,
– ukuhlolwa kokujika kwe-turbine (igiya lokuvimba/lokujika),
- ukunikezwa amandla kancane kancane kohlelo lukagesi,
– ukufutha umusi (ukuhlanza imigqa yomusi),
- ukuvumelanisa amajeneretha kugridi,
- ukuhlolwa kokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela kanye nesilinganiso sokushisa,
- ukusebenza kokwethembeka ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokusebenza.
Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwemisebenzi kuncike kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwemikhakha eyahlukene kanye nokunamathela ezinqubweni zokuphepha.
6. Izici Zezemvelo Nezenhlalo Ekuklameni Nasekwakhiweni
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa i-geothermal ngokuvamile zinezingcoliso eziphansi kuneziphehla-mafutha, kodwa zisenemiphumela edinga ukuphathwa:
– I-H₂S kanye nephunga: kudinga izinhlelo zokuqapha nokulawula.
– Ukuphathwa kotshwala: ukujova okuphephile kuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphezulu.
– Umsindo ngesikhathi sokubhoboza kanye nokukhipha umoya ngomusi: ukunciphisa ngokusebenzisa izithulisi kanye nokuhlela.
– Ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nomhlaba: ukwakheka kwezindawo ezinyathelisiwe, imizila yamapayipi kanye nokufinyelela emgwaqweni kumele kunciphise ukuphazamiseka.
Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, ukuqiniseka ngezinzuzo zendawo, kanye nokucaca kolwazi kubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwephrojekthi.
7. Isiphetho
Ukuklama nokufakwa kwesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba kuyimizamo eminingi ehlanganisa isayensi yezindawo zokugcina amanzi, ubunjiniyela bezinqubo, ubunjiniyela bemishini, ubunjiniyela kagesi, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Izinqumo zakuqala—njengokukhetha umjikelezo (i-flash noma i-binary), isu lomthombo wokukhiqiza nokufaka, kanye nokucushwa kwesistimu yokupholisa—kuzothinta izindleko, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, izinselele ezibalulekile zivame ukuvela ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayithi, ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wamapayipi kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini ejikelezayo, kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile. Ngokuhlela ngokucophelela kanye nokusebenza okuhlelekile, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba zingaba umthombo ozinzile kagesi ohlanzekile, zisekele ukuphepha kwamandla ngenkathi zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sase-Indonesia (inqubo yokuvumela, amazinga ajwayelekile, kanye nezibonelo zokucushwa kwezitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa amandla okushisa angu-55 MW noma angu-110 MW) noma ngidale inguqulo yobuchwepheshe enomdwebo wokugeleza kwenqubo (PFD) kanye nohlu lwemishini.
