Amajeneretha Omoya Ophehla Umoya kanye Nendlela Asebenza Ngayo Ekukhiqizeni Ugesi
Amandla omoya angomunye wemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo athuthukiswe kakhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene ngoba aningi, ahlanzekile, futhi angasetshenziswa kokubili ezikalini ezincane nezinkulu. Ngemuva kwezinsika ezibonakala zilula zokuphotha ze-turbine yomoya kukhona uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-electromechanical, enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu okuyi-generator. I-generator ye-turbine yomoya iguqula amandla omshini kusukela ekujikelezeni kwe-rotor abe amandla kagesi angasetshenziswa yimindeni, izimboni, ngisho nakusatshalaliswa kugridi yamandla. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuthi iyini i-generator ye-turbine yomoya, izinhlobo zayo, nokuthi isebenza kanjani ekukhiqizeni amandla.
1. Indima Yamajeneretha Kuma-Wind Turbines
Ama-turbine omoya asebenza ngokuyisisekelo ngesimiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla kancane kancane:
1. Amandla e-kinetic omoya asunduza ama-blade ukuze i-rotor ijikeleze.
2. Ukujikeleza kwe-rotor kudluliselwa ku-shaft kanye nohlelo lokudlulisa (kungaba nge-gearbox noma ngaphandle kwayo).
3. Ijenereyitha iguqula amandla omshini wokujikeleza komgodi abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic.
4. Ugesi okhiqizwayo ube usulawulwa uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi lwamandla ukuze luhambisane nezindinganiso ze-voltage kanye nemvamisa, ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa noma ukusatshalaliswa kugridi.
Ngaphandle kwejenereyitha, i-wind turbine ingaba nje ithuluzi elijikelezayo. Ijenereyitha iyibhuloho eliyinhloko eliguqula amandla omoya abe ugesi ongasetshenziswa.
2. Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Sokusebenza Kwejeneretha: Ukungeniswa Kwe-Electromagnetic
Amajeneretha e-wind turbine asebenza ngokusekelwe kuMthetho kaFaraday wokungeniswa kwe-Electromagnetic. Empeleni, i-voltage kagesi ikhiqizwa lapho i-magnetic flux ku-coil ishintsha. Ngokuvamile, ijeneretha inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– I-Rotor: ingxenye ejikelezayo, ngokuvamile ephethe i-magnet ehlala njalo noma i-field winding.
– I-Stator: ingxenye engashintshi, equkethe ama-coil lapho kukhiqizwa khona i-voltage ebangelwayo.
Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, amandla ayo kazibuthe "asika" ama-stator coil, akhiqize i-alternating current (AC). Le AC current ibe isilawulwa futhi ilungiswe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
3. Izingxenye Zesistimu Ezisekela Amajeneretha E-Wind Turbine
Ukuze ijeneretha isebenze kahle kakhulu ku-wind turbine, kunezingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko ezisekelayo:
1. I-Rotor blade kanye nehabhu: bamba amandla omoya.
2. Umgodi oyinhloko (umgodi oyinhloko): udlulisa ukujikeleza kwe-rotor.
3. I-gearbox (ezinhlotsheni ezithile): ikhulisa ukujikeleza kwe-rotor kusuka kokusheshayo kuya kokusheshayo ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zomkhiqizi.
4. Ijenereyitha: iguqula ukujikeleza kube ugesi.
5. I-Converter/Inverter: ishintsha izici zikagesi (i-voltage/imvamisa) ukuze iqine futhi ihambisane negridi.
6. I-Transformer: ikhulisa i-voltage ukuze ikwazi ukudluliselwa kahle.
7. Uhlelo lokulawula: lulawula isiqondiso se-turbine (yaw), i-blade pitch angle, isivinini sokujikeleza, kanye nokuvikelwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ugesi we-wind turbine uyashintshashintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwesivinini somoya. Ngakho-ke, ama-electronics kagesi kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula zibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamandla okuzinzile.
4. Izinhlobo Zamajeneretha Kuma-Wind Turbines
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamajeneretha asetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla omoya. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwejeneretha kuthonywa isikali se-turbine, izidingo zokusebenza kahle, izindleko, kanye nobunzima bokulungisa.
a) Ijeneretha Yokungenisa (Ijeneretha Engahambisani Nezinto)
Amajeneretha okungenisa umoya asetshenziswa kabanzi ekufakweni kwe-wind turbine yesizukulwane sokuqala kanye nasemiqondweni ethile egcizelela ubulula.
Izinzuzo:
- Ukwakhiwa okulula nokuqinile
- Ukulungiswa okulula kakhulu
- Izindleko eziphansi
Ukushoda:
– Kudinga amandla okusabela (ngokuvamile avela kugridi noma ku-capacitor)
- Ukulawula isivinini akuguquguquki kangako ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezengeziwe
– Ukusebenza kahle kungaba ngaphansi kwezimo zesivinini eziguquguqukayo
Amajeneretha okungenisa afaneleka ezinhlelweni ezixhunywe kugridi ezinezilawuli eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, yize ubuchwepheshe besimanje buqhubeka ngokuya phambili ezixazululweni zesivinini esiguquguqukayo.
b) Ijeneretha Yokungenisa Ephindwe Kabili (i-DFIG)
I-DFIG iwuhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwejenereyitha yokungenisa amandla kuma-turbine omoya amakhulu (amakhulu) ngoba ivumela ukusebenza kwesivinini esiguquguqukayo lapho i-converter ingadingi ukuphatha amandla angu-100%.
Ku-DFIG, i-stator ixhunywe ngqo kugridi, kuyilapho i-rotor ixhunywe ku-converter (ngama-slip rings). I-converter ilawula ugesi we-rotor ukulawula i-voltage kanye nemvamisa yokuphuma.
Izinzuzo:
- Ukusebenza kwesivinini esiguquguqukayo (ukuthathwa kwamandla omoya okusebenza kahle kakhulu)
– Usayizi wesiguquli mncane kunohlelo lwesiguquli esigcwele.
- Ukulawulwa kwamandla okungcono okusebenzayo nokusebenzayo
Ukushoda:
- Ukusebenzisa izindandatho zokushelela (ukulungiswa okuphezulu)
- Okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwesistimu
I-DFIG isiba ukukhetha okuthandwayo ngenxa yokuvumelana kwayo okuhle phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza.
c) Ijeneretha Evumelanisiwe (Ijeneretha Evumelanisiwe)
Amajeneretha ahambisanayo angasebenzisa amajeneretha amagnethi ahlala njalo (ama-PMSG) noma ama-field coil. Ama-PMSG asetshenziswa kabanzi emiklamo yesimanje, ikakhulukazi kuma-turbine angenawo ama-gearbox (ayi-direct-drive).
Izinzuzo:
- Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi i-PMSG
- Ingasebenza kahle ngesivinini esiphansi
- Kufanelekela ukushayela ngqo ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izingxenye zemishini
Ukushoda:
– Kudinga i-power converter (ngokuvamile i-full converter)
– Omaginethi abangapheli bandisa izindleko futhi bancike ezintweni ezibonakalayo.
- Izinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye ne-elekthronikhi yamandla
Ama-turbine aqhutshwa ngqo anama-PMSG avame ukuba nokuthula futhi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane kwamagiya, kodwa izindleko zokuqala zingaba phezulu.
5. Indlela Ijeneretha Ye-Wind Turbine Esebenza Ngayo Ekukhiqizeni Ugesi (Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo)
Ukuze kucace, nansi indlela esebenza ngayo i-wind turbine kusukela emoyeni kuya kugesi:
1. Umoya uphendula inkemba
Ukuma kwe-aerodynamic kwama-blades kudala ukuphakama, okubangela ukuthi i-rotor ijikeleze. Uhlelo lwe-pitch lulungisa i-engeli ye-blade ukuze kuphephe kakhulu.
2. Ukujikeleza kudluliselwa emgodleni
I-rotor ishayela umgodi oyinhloko. Ijubane lokujikeleza kwe-rotor livame ukuba liphansi (isb., 10–20 rpm kuma-turbine amakhulu).
3. Ibhokisi legiya likhulisa i-rpm (uma ikhona)
Ama-turbine amaningi asebenzisa i-gearbox ukwandisa isivinini sibe amakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane ze-rpm ukuze afane nejeneretha ethile. Kuma-turbine aqhutshwa ngqo, lesi sinyathelo asishiywa.
4. Ijenereyitha iguqula amandla omshini abe ugesi we-AC.
I-rotor yejenereyitha iyajikeleza, idale ushintsho ekugelezeni kwamagnetic ku-stator, okuholela ku-voltage ye-AC.
5. Ama-elekthronikhi kagesi aqinisa ugesi
Njengoba ijubane le-turbine lishintsha, imvamisa yokukhipha kanye ne-voltage yejeneretha nakho kuyashintsha. I-converter/inverter iguqula lokhu kube ugesi onezimpawu ezifanele (isb., 50 Hz noma 60 Hz kanye ne-voltage ethile).
6. I-Transformer inyusa i-voltage
I-voltage iyandiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudlulisa. Ugesi ube ususatshalaliswa kugridi noma usetshenziswe endaweni.
7. Ukulawula nokuvikela kugcina imisebenzi iphephile
Uma imimoya iba namandla kakhulu, uhlelo luzonciphisa amandla (ukuphonsa) noma lumise i-turbine (ukusika) ngezizathu zokuphepha. Uhlelo luphinde luvikele ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kagesi, ukungalingani, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwegridi.
6. Ukusebenza Kahle kanye Nezici Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwejeneretha
Ukusebenza kwejeneretha ye-wind turbine kuthonywa yizici eziningi, okuhlanganisa:
– Isivinini somoya: amandla omoya ayanda ngokulingana nekhiyubhu yesivinini somoya, ngakho-ke izinguquko ezincane zinomthelela omkhulu.
– Umklamo we-turbine (iphimbo, ububanzi be-rotor): unquma ukuthi angakanani amandla omoya angabanjwa.
– Uhlobo lwejeneretha kanye nokulawula: izinhlelo zesivinini esiguquguqukayo ezineziguquli zesimanje zivame ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni zomoya ezahlukahlukene.
– Ukulahlekelwa yimishini: isibonelo kubhokisi lamagiya, amabheringi kanye ne-clutch.
– Ukulahlekelwa kukagesi: ukulahlekelwa kwethusi kukhoyili, ukulahlekelwa amandla kazibuthe enkabeni, kanye nokulahlekelwa ku-converter.
– Izinga lokushisa kanye nekhwalithi yokunakekelwa: ukushisa ngokweqile kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kusheshise ukuwohloka kwezingxenye.
Empeleni, akuwona wonke amandla omoya angaguqulwa abe ugesi. Kukhona umkhawulo wethiyori owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Betz Limit, othi cishe u-59,3% wamandla omoya angabanjwa yi-rotor. Okunye kulahleka njenge-turbulence kanye nokuhamba komoya, okumele kuhlale kuhamba kudlule i-turbine.
7. Isiphetho
Ijenereyitha ye-turbine yomoya iyisici esiyinhloko esiguqula ukujikeleza komshini kube amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamajenereyitha—kusukela ekufakweni kuya ku-DFIG kuya ku-unomphela ohambisanayo ne-magnet—zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuvumelaneni phakathi kokusebenza kahle, izindleko, ukulula kokugcinwa, kanye nezidingo zokulawula. Emapulazini omoya anamuhla, ijenereyitha isebenza ngokubambisana ne-gearbox (noma i-direct drive), uhlelo lokulawula, kanye ne-electronics yamandla ukukhiqiza ugesi ozinzile naphezu kokushintsha kwezimo zomoya. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bezinto, i-electronics yamandla, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula, amajenereyitha e-turbine yomoya ayaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle futhi ethembekile, okuqinisa indima yamandla omoya njengesixazululo esiyinhloko sekusasa lamandla elihlanzekile nelihlala isikhathi eside.
Uma ungathanda, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesitayela sephepha lesikole/lasekolishi, ngifake ishadi lokugeleza, noma ngifake isigaba esikhethekile kuma-wind turbine amancane (angaphandle kwegridi).
