I-Kaplan Turbine: Isixazululo Esingcono Kakhulu Sokugeleza Kwamanzi Okusheshayo
Ezweni lokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi (i-PLTA), akuzona zonke izindawo ezinemifula egeleza ngokushesha noma imithombo yamanzi ephezulu. Izindawo eziningi zinokugeleza kwamanzi okuhamba kancane, kodwa ukukhishwa kwawo kukhulu futhi kuzinzile unyaka wonke. Kukulezi zimo lapho i-Kaplan Turbine iba yisinqumo esivelele kakhulu. Le turbine yaziwa njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu bokusebenzisa ukugeleza kwamanzi okunejubane eliphansi kanye nemithombo yamanzi ephansi kuya kwephakathi, okwenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi imifula yasezindaweni eziphansi kanye nemisele yokunisela.
Ukwazi i-Kaplan Turbine
I-turbine ye-Kaplan uhlobo lwe-turbine yokusabela olusebenza ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ekucindezelweni kwamanzi kanye nesivinini sokugeleza ukuze lujikeleze i-runner (isondo le-turbine). Le turbine yaqala ukwakhiwa nguViktor Kaplan ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Inzuzo enkulu yomklamo we-Kaplan isesimeni esifana ne-propeller yomgijimi kanye ne-engeli ye-blade elungisekayo. Amandla okushintsha i-engeli ye-blade avumela i-turbine ukuthi igcine ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu naphezu kokushintshashintsha kokugeleza kwamanzi.
Ngokuvamile, ama-turbine e-Kaplan asetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ezinamaphiko aphansi (cishe amamitha angu-2-30) kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu. Ngokungafani nama-turbine e-Pelton, afaneleka ama-head aphezulu, noma ama-turbine e-Francis, aguquguquka kakhulu kuma-head aphakathi nendawo, ama-turbine e-Kaplan "ahloselwe" ukukhulisa amandla kagesi ekugelezeni okusheshayo okungasheshi.
Isimiso Sokusebenza se-Kaplan Turbine
Isimiso sokusebenza se-Kaplan Turbine siqala lapho amanzi egeleza engena endlini ye-turbine nge-penstock, noma i-inlet channel. Amanzi abe esedlula emasangweni e-wicket (ama-guide vanes), alawula izinga lokugeleza futhi aqondise ukugeleza nge-engeli efanele. Amanzi abe eseshaya i-runner, okwenza ijikeleze.
Okuhlukanisa i-Kaplan ne-propeller turbine evamile ukuba khona kwezindlela ezimbili zokulawula:
1. Ukusetha isango lewicket: kulawula inani lamanzi angena.
2. Ukulungisa i-engeli ye-runner blade: ukushintsha i-engeli ye-blade ukuze ihlale ilungele ukugeleza.
Le nhlanganisela, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-double regulation, yenza i-Kaplan Turbine ibe ngcono kakhulu lapho ukuphuma komfula kushintshashintsha ngenxa yezimo zesizini noma zokusebenza.
Ngemva kokujikeleza umgijimi, amanzi aphuma ngepayipi elidonsa umoya. Ipayipi elidonsa umoya lisiza ekubuyiseni amanye amandla okucindezela futhi landise ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine iyonke. Lolu hlelo lukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nemiklamo engenakho ukubuyisa ukucindezela.
Kungani i-Kaplan Turbine Ifanelekela Ukugeleza Okusheshayo?
Ukugeleza kwamanzi ngesivinini esiphansi kuvame ukuhlobana nekhanda eliphansi. Ekhanda eliphansi, amandla angakhona amanzi awaphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka uhlelo olukwazi ukukhiqiza amandla aphezulu kusuka kumthamo omkhulu wamanzi (ukukhipha) luyadingeka. I-turbine ye-Kaplan yenzelwe lokhu kanye.
Ezinye zezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza uKaplan aphumelele kulezi zimo:
– Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ekhanda eliphansi: I-Kaplan ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (ngokuvamile ngaphezulu kwama-90% ezimweni zokuklama) ngoba ukwakheka kwayo kunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla.
– Kuhle kakhulu ekukhishweni okukhulu: uma ukukhishwa kukhulu, iKaplan isebenza kahle kakhulu, uma nje umklamo wesiteshi kanye nomgijimi kufanelekile.
– Ayimelani nokushintshashintsha komthwalo: indlela yokulawula ekabili isiza i-turbine ukuthi ihlale izinzile futhi isebenza kahle lapho ukukhishwa kwayo kushintsha.
Ngakho-ke, lapho indawo inomfula obanzi, amanzi ageleza njalo, kodwa kungekho zimpophoma noma umehluko omkhulu wokuphakama, iKaplan ivame ukuba yisisombululo esingabizi kakhulu nesobuchwepheshe.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko ze-Kaplan Turbine
Ukuze uqonde ukusebenza kukaKaplan, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izingxenye zakhe eziyinhloko:
1. Umgijimi (i-propeller ye-turbine)
Ngokuvamile, inama-blade amathathu kuya kwayisithupha, kuye ngobukhulu nezidingo. Ama-blade angajikeleza ku-axis yawo ukuze alungise i-engeli.
2. Isango lewikhethi / i-guide vane
Umugqa wama-vane okuqondisa alawula ukungena futhi aqondise amanzi aye kumgijimi.
3. Ipayipi lokudonsa
Isiteshi esinciphisa ukuphuma futhi siguqule amandla e-kinetic abe amandla okucindezela, ngaleyo ndlela sandise ukusebenza kahle.
4. Umgodi
Ukuxhuma i-runner ku-generator. Kungaba okuqondile noma okuvundlile, yize imodeli eqondile ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kumandla amakhulu.
5. Izinhlelo zokulawula kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula
Ilawula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhamba kwama-runner blades kanye ne-wicket gate ngokusekelwe ekukhishweni kwejeneretha kanye nomthwalo.
Izinzuzo ze-Kaplan Turbine
I-turbine ye-Kaplan yaziwa ngokuthi "ingumpetha" wezimo ezithile. Nazi ezinye zezinzuzo ezenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo:
- Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ebangeni elibanzi lokusebenza
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-runner blades angalungiswa, i-turbine ihlala isebenza kahle phakathi kwamazinga amaningi okugeleza.
– Kufanelekela izitshalo ezinkulu nezincane zamanzi
I-Kaplan ayiyona nje yamadamu amakhulu; izinhlobo ezincane zingasetshenziswa emiseleni yokunisela noma emasangweni okungena kwamanzi.
- Impendulo esheshayo ekushintsheni komthwalo
Uhlelo lokulawula luvumela i-turbine ukuthi izivumelanise nezinguquko zesidingo sikagesi ngendlela ezinzile.
- Inobungane kakhulu ekugelezeni okuphansi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinjini zomoya, i-Kaplan “icindezela” amandla amaningi emanzini angahambi ngokushesha.
Izinselele kanye nokungalungi
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-Kaplan Turbine nayo inezinselele eziningana:
– Izindleko zokuqala ziphakeme kakhulu
Ngenxa yokuba khona kwendlela yokulungisa ama-blade eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nohlelo lokulawula.
- Ukulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Izingxenye eziningi ezihambayo zidinga ukuhlolwa njalo, ukugcotshwa, kanye nokulinganiswa.
– Kungathinteka yi-cavitation uma umklamo/ukusebenza okungafanele
Uma umfutho uphansi, amabhamuza omusi angakha futhi alimaze izindawo ze-blade. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-draft tube kanye nezilungiselelo zokusebenza kumele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela.
- Kudinga ikhwalithi ephezulu yokwenziwa
Ukuze i-blade ikwazi ukuhamba kahle futhi imelane nokugqwala nokuguguleka.
Kodwa-ke, kumaphrojekthi anokukhishwa okuphezulu kanye nekhanda eliphansi, ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuzuza kokukhiqiza amandla kuvame ukwedlula izindleko zokuqala eziphezulu.
Izicelo ze-Kaplan Turbine Ensimini
Ama-turbine e-Kaplan asetshenziswa kabanzi ku:
– Amandla kagesi ageleza emfuleni (angenawo amachibi amakhulu) emifuleni ephansi.
– Idamu elinekhanda elincane kodwa elikhulu.
– Iphrojekthi encane yamanzi emiseleni yokunisela.
– Izitshalo zikagesi eduze kwemifula noma imisele egeleza kahle.
Uma sibheka i-Indonesia, enemifula eminingi emikhulu kanye nenethiwekhi enkulu yokunisela, amathuba okusetshenziswa kwama-turbine e-Kaplan makhulu impela, ikakhulukazi ekufakweni kukagesi ezindaweni ezikude nge-mini hydro esebenzisa ukugeleza okuphansi kodwa okuhlala njalo.
Isiphetho
Ama-turbine e-Kaplan ayisisombululo esihle kakhulu sokugeleza kwamanzi ngesivinini esiphansi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezinamakhanda aphansi kuya kwaphakathi kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu. Ngomklamo wawo wokugijima olungisekayo kanye nendlela yokulawula ekabili, ama-turbine e-Kaplan ayakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Ngenkathi izindleko zokwakha nokulungisa zivame ukuba phezulu kunezinye izinhlobo zama-turbine, ukusebenza kwawo kwesikhathi eside kuvame ukwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali kube okufanele.
Ekugcineni, ukukhethwa kwe-turbine yamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba akuyona indlela efanela wonke umuntu; kumele kucatshangelwe ikhanda, ukukhishwa kwamanzi, ukushintshashintsha kwesizini, kanye nezidingo zamandla. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi okulingene kodwa okuningi kutholakala, i-Kaplan Turbine cishe njalo ivela njengesixazululo esinengqondo nesisebenzayo kakhulu.
