Izinhlobo Zamasango Namavalvu Okulawula Ukugeleza Kwamanzi Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi (i-PLTA) zisebenza ngesimiso esilula kodwa zidinga ukulawulwa okunembile kakhulu: amandla angase abe khona amanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini ku-turbine, bese kuba amandla kagesi ngejeneretha. Ngemuva kwale nqubo kukhona uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, okuzinzile, okusebenzayo, nokulula ukunakekela. Izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile kulolu hlelo amasango nama-valve. Zombili zisebenza ukulawula, ukuhlukanisa, nokuvikela ukugeleza kwamanzi ezindaweni ezahlukene—kusukela ekungeneni nasekungeneni kuya endaweni ye-turbine. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zamasango nama-valve asetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, kanye nemisebenzi kanye nezici zawo.
Indima Yamasango Namavalvu Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Osebenzisa Amanzi
Ngokuvamile, amasango asetshenziswa njenge "iminyango" eziteshini ezinkulu noma ezivulekile, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini sokugeleza okuphezulu kanye nezimo ezithile zekhanda. Amasango avame ukutholakala ezakhiweni zomphakathi njengezindawo zokungenisa amanzi, imigwaqo echithekayo, kanye neziteshi zokukhipha amanzi. Okwamanje, amavalvu avame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamapayipi acindezelwe (isb., ama-penstock, ama-bypasses, ama-drain, noma izinhlelo zokupholisa) futhi aklanyelwe ukumelana nokucindezeleka okuphezulu ngenkathi enikeza amandla amahle okulawula noma okuhlukaniswa.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yamasango nama-valve ezitshalweni zikagesi wamanzi ihlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kokugeleza: ukuvala ukugeleza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ukulungiswa, noma isimo esiphuthumayo.
2. Ukulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi: kulawula inani lokugeleza kwegesi eliya ku-turbine noma ohlelweni olusizayo.
3. Ukuvikelwa kwemishini: ukuvimbela isando samanzi, ukunciphisa ingcindezi, kanye nokubopha ama-turbine kanye nama-penstock ngesikhathi sezimo ezingavamile.
4. Ukusebenza okuphuthumayo: kuvumela ukuvala okusheshayo ukuvikela uhlelo.
Izinhlobo Zamasango (Amasango Amanzi) Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
1. Isango Lesilayidi (Isango Lesilayidi)
Isango lesilayidi liyisicabha esishelelayo esiqonde phezulu naphansi ukuvula noma ukuvala ukugeleza. Lolu hlobo lusetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zokungenisa amanzi, imisele, noma imisele yokukhipha amanzi/yokuhlanza. Izinzuzo zalo zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa okulula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokufaneleka kwalo ezindaweni ezinkulu ezivulekile. Amasango esilayidi angasetshenziswa ngesandla, ngogesi, noma ngamanzi, kuye ngobukhulu nezidingo.
Izicelo ezivamile: umsele wokungenisa amanzi, isiteshi sokukhipha amanzi enhlabathini, isiteshi sokudlula.
2. Isango Eliyimitha (Isango Le-Tainter)
Amasango aqondile anesimo esigobile esinama-trunnion, okuvumela ukusatshalaliswa okungcono kwamandla amanzi. Lawa masango avame ukusetshenziswa emadamini nasezindaweni ezichithekayo ngoba angaphatha ukukhishwa okukhulu ngomzamo omncane kunamasango amakhulu ashelelayo. Amasango aqondile avumela nokulawulwa okusheshayo kwamazinga amanzi edamu.
Izicelo ezivamile: amasango okungena kwamanzi, imisebenzi yokuphuma emadamini, abalawuli bezinga lamachibi.
3. Isango Eliqinile Lamasondo
Lolu hlobo luwuhlobo lwesango lesilayidi, kodwa lunamasondo ohlangothini lomnyango, okunciphisa kakhulu ukungqubuzana lapho kuvulwa futhi kuvalwa. Amasango amasondo aqinile asetshenziselwa iminyango emikhulu noma lapho umfutho wamanzi ophezulu wenza ukungqubuzana kwesango lesilayidi elivamile kube kukhulu kakhulu.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: izindawo zokungenisa ezinkulu, izindawo zokungenisa ezicindezelwe, iminyango yesevisi ezakhiweni zokungenisa.
4. Isango Eligoqekayo
Amasango okugoqa asebenzisa ama-roller asilinda ukusekela umthwalo futhi enze kube lula ukuhamba kweminyango. Uma kuqhathaniswa namasango amasondo angaguquki, amasango okugoqa afaneleka eminyango emikhulu kakhulu kanye nemithwalo esindayo. Kodwa-ke, adinga futhi ubunzima obukhulu bemishini kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa.
Izicelo ezivamile: imigwaqo emikhulu yokuchitheka noma izindawo zokuphuma, amasango emadamini anokuchitheka okukhulu.
5. Isango Eligobile
Amasango avulekayo ngokuvamile athatha isimo seminyango enama-hinged evuleka ngenxa yokucindezela kokugeleza okuya ohlangothini olulodwa futhi ivale lapho kwenzeka ukugeleza emuva. Emkhakheni wezitshalo zamandla kagesi, amasango avulekayo avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi, emiseleni yamanzi, noma ezindaweni ezithile zokukhipha amanzi ukuvimbela ukugeleza emuva okungaphazamisa ukusebenza noma ukukhukhula izindawo ezithile.
Izicelo ezivamile: amapayipi okudonsa amanzi, izindawo zokubuyisa amanzi, izinhlelo zokuvikela izikhukhula zendawo.
6. Isango Lokuma kanye Nesango Le-Bulkhead
Ngokungafani namasango asetshenziswa njalo, ama-stoplog kanye namasango amakhulu kuyizinto zokuvala ukuze kuhlukaniswe okwesikhashana. Ama-stoplog aqukethe amabhlogo ahlelwe ezitimeleni ukuze kuvalwe izikhala, kuyilapho amasango amakhulu ngokuvamile engumnyango owodwa, omkhulu owenzelwe ukuhlukanisa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa nokulungiswa. Lezi zingxenye zibalulekile ekuphepheni ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kokungena noma kokugcina.
Izicelo ezivamile: ukuhlukaniswa kokungenisa, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibhobho ngaphambi komsebenzi wokulungisa.
Izinhlobo Zamavalvu Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
1. I-Butterfly Valve
Amavalvu e-Butterfly asebenzisa idiski ejikelezayo ukuvula/ukuvala ukugeleza. Lawa mavalvu athandwa ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okuncane, isisindo esilula, kanye nokufaneleka kwawo ububanzi obukhulu. Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, amavalvu e-butterfly avame ukusetshenziswa njengamavalvu okungena ayinhloko (ama-MIV) kumayunithi athile, ikakhulukazi kumakhanda aphakathi nendawo, noma njengamavalvu okuzihlukanisa emigqeni ye-bypass kanye nezinhlelo ezisizayo.
Inkinga enkulu ukuthi ekusetshenzisweni komfutho ophezulu kakhulu, ukwakheka nokuvala kumele kube okuthembekile kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuvuza nokudlidliza.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: i-penstock kuya ku-turbine (kuye ngokuthi idizayini), izinhlelo zokupholisa, imigqa yokudonsa amanzi kanye nezindlela zokudlula.
2. Ivalvu Eyisiyingi (Ivalvu Yebhola Yezitshalo Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Amanzi)
Uma kukhulunywa ngamandla kagesi, igama elithi i-valve eyindilinga libhekisela ku-valve enkulu yebhola eyenzelwe ngqo ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye namazinga okugeleza aphezulu. Lawa ma-valve anikeza izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvala futhi afanelekela izidingo zokuhlukanisa eziphezulu. Ama-valve ayindilinga avame ukusetshenziswa njenge-MIV ezitshalweni zamandla ezinokucindezela okuphezulu, enikeza ukuphepha okwengeziwe lapho amayunithi e-turbine edinga ukuhlukanisa.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: ukungena kwe-turbine okuyinhloko phezulu, i-penstock eyinhloko.
3. Ivalvu Yenaliti
Amavalvu enaliti asebenzisa "inaliti" ecijile noma ipulaki ukuze alawule kahle ukugeleza. Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, amavalvu enaliti avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokudlula, ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi, noma ezinhlelweni ezithile zokunciphisa ingcindezi. Inzuzo yawo eyinhloko yikhono lawo lokulawula ngokunembile ukugeleza, ngisho noma kusezingeni eliphansi kuya kweliphakathi lokugeleza, futhi afaneleka ekunciphiseni ingozi yokwanda kwengcindezi.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: i-penstock bypass, ukugcwalisa/ukukhipha ingcindezi, izinhlelo zokulawula ukugeleza okunembile.
4. I-Valve Yesango (I-Valve Yomnyango Yepayipi)
Ngaphezu kwamasango njengamasango amanzi omphakathi, kukhona nama-valve esango ezinhlelweni zamapayipi acindezelwe. Lawa ma-valve alungele imisebenzi yokuvula/yokuvala (yokuhlukanisa) ngoba uma evuliwe ngokuphelele, awanikezi ukumelana okukhulu kokugeleza kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ama-valve esango awalungele ukugoba (izilungiselelo ezivulekile kancane) ngoba angabangela ukuguguleka nokudlidliza.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: ukuhlukaniswa kwamapayipi asekelayo, amapayipi okudonsa amanzi, kanye nemigqa yesevisi.
5. I-Globe Valve
Amavalvu e-globe angcono kakhulu ekulawuleni ukugeleza (ukugoqa) ngoba izici zawo zokugeleza kulula ukuzilawula kunezivali zesango. Kodwa-ke, anokwehla okukhulu kwengcindezi. Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, amavalvu e-globe avame ukutholakala ezinhlelweni zezinsimbi, imigqa yokupholisa, ukuthambisa, kanye nezinhlelo ze-pneumatic/hydraulic ezisekela ukusebenza kwe-turbine-generator.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile: ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwesistimu esekelayo, imigqa yokupholisa, izinhlelo zokugcoba.
6. I-Check Valve (I-Non-Return Valve)
Ama-valve okuhlola avimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi okungalimaza amaphampu, kuphazamise ukuzinza kohlelo, noma kubangele ingcindezi emuva kwemishini. Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, ama-valve okuhlola abalulekile ezinhlelweni zamaphampu okukhipha amanzi, ezinhlelweni zamanzi okupholisa, kanye nemigqa ethile ehlobene nokusebenza kwe-turbine.
Izicelo ezivamile: izinhlelo zokupompa, amanzi okupholisa, amapayipi okukhipha amanzi, izinhlelo zokugcwalisa.
7. I-Valve Yokukhulula Ukucindezeleka kanye ne-Air Valve
Izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zibhekene nengozi yokwehla kwamanzi kanye nokushintshashintsha kwengcindezi. Ngakho-ke, amavalvu okusiza ukucindezela avame ukufakwa ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi eyengeziwe, kanye namavalvu omoya (ukukhishwa komoya/amavalvu okuhlanza) ukuze kukhishwe umoya ovalelekile noma kuvinjelwe i-vacuum engalimaza amapayipi. Nakuba kungezona njalo "amavalvu ayinhloko," lawa mavalvu abalulekile ekuphepheni kohlelo lwamapayipi.
Izicelo ezivamile: ukuvikelwa kwe-penstock, amaphuzu aphezulu epayipi, izinhlelo zokuphepha kwengcindezi.
Izinto Okufanele Ucatshangelwe Ngokukhetha Isango Nevalvu
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zesango namavalvu akukwazi ukwenziwa kube okujwayelekile ngoba kuncike ezimweni zesitshalo samandla kagesi, okuhlanganisa:
– Ikhanda (ukuphakama kokuwa kwamanzi) kanye nengcindezi yokusebenza
- Ukukhishwa kwedizayini kanye nobubanzi besiteshi/ipayipi
– Izidingo zokusebenza: ukuhlukaniswa kuphela noma ukulawulwa okuqondile kokugeleza kuyadingeka
- Isivinini sokuvala kanye nengozi yokwanda kwamanzi/ingozi yokushaya
– Izimo zokungcola kanye nokungcola (amagatsha, udoti, isihlabathi)
- Ukuthembeka kokuvala kanye nokulula kokuhlola nokulungisa
- Uhlelo lokushayela: ngesandla, ngogesi, nge-hydraulic, noma ngokuhlanganiswa
Isibonelo, ngamakhanda aphezulu kanye nezidingo zokuhlukanisa ezivikelekile kakhulu, ama-valve ayindilinga avame ukuthandwa kune-valve yama-butterfly. Kodwa-ke, kuma-diameter amakhulu anesikhala esilinganiselwe kanye nezidingo zokuhlukanisa ezingabizi, ama-valve ama-butterfly angaba yisisombululo esisebenzayo.
I-Penutup
Amasango namavalvu kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwamanzi ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi, kokubili engqalasizinda yomphakathi njengezindawo zokungenisa amanzi kanye nezindawo zokuchitheka kwamanzi kanye nasezinhlelweni zamapayipi acindezelwe njengezindawo zokungenisa amanzi kanye nemigqa yokusiza. Amasango esilayidi, amasango ajikelezayo, amasango amasondo aqinile, kanye nama-stoplog adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvuleka okukhulu nokuphatha amanzi agciniwe. Okwamanje, amavalvu ebhabhathane, amavalvu ayindilinga, amavalvu enaliti, amavalvu embulunga, kanye namavalvu ahlukahlukene okuvikela aqinisekisa ukugeleza okulawulwayo, okuphephile, nokuzinzile kuma-turbine ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Ngokuqonda izici zohlobo ngalunye lwesango kanye nevalvu, abaqhubi bamandla kagesi kanye nabaklami banganquma amadivayisi afanele kakhulu ukusekela ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ingozi yomonakalo, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside.
