Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zejeneretha Nokuthi Isebenza Kanjani Esiteshini Samandla Kagesi Samanzi
Isitshalo samandla kagesi (i-PLTA) sisebenzisa amandla anamandla kanye ne-kinetic amanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Esinye sezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kulolu hlelo yijeneretha, umshini oguqula amandla omshini kusukela ekujikelezeni kwe-turbine abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokungeniswa kwamandla kagesi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo, ijeneretha kagesi wakhiwa izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile ezisebenza ngendlela ehlanganisiwe. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngalezi zingxenye futhi sichaza ukuthi ijeneretha isebenza kanjani kumongo wesitshalo samandla kagesi.
Ukubuka Okufushane Kohlelo Lwamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Ngaphambi kokuhlola ingxenye yejenereyitha, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukugeleza kwamandla esiteshini samandla kagesi. Amanzi avela edamini noma echibini ageleza nge-penstock aye ku-turbine. Ingcindezi kanye nesivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi kubangela ukuthi i-turbine ijikeleze. Ukujikeleza kwe-turbine kudluliselwa ku-shaft exhunywe ngqo kujenereyitha. Ijenereyitha ibe isikhiqiza ugesi, okhushulwa ngamandla kagesi nge-transformer bese usatshalaliswa kunethiwekhi yokudlulisa.
Inhloso eyinhloko yalesi sihloko yisigaba sokuguqulwa kwamandla kusuka kumishini kuya kugesi, okungukuthi kujeneretha.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zamajeneretha: Ukungeniswa Kwe-Electromagnetic
Amajeneretha asebenza ngokusekelwe kuMthetho kaFaraday, othi ushintsho ekugelezeni kwamagnetic ku-conductor lukhiqiza amandla e-electromotive (EMF). Ku-generator, lolu shintsho ekugelezeni kwamagnetic ludalwa ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwensimu yamagnetic nama-conductor coils. Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, insimu yamagnetic ijikeleza ngokuhlobene nama-coil e-stator, okudala i-voltage kuwo wonke ama-coils. Le voltage ibe isikhiqiza ugesi uma ixhunywe ohlelweni lomthwalo noma lwenethiwekhi.
Ezitshalweni zikagesi zamanzi, ijeneretha esetshenziswa kakhulu iyijeneretha ehambisanayo enezigaba ezintathu ngoba ifanele amandla amakhulu, azinzile kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zamajeneretha Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Angaphansi Komoya
1. I-Stator (Ingxenye Emile)
I-stator yingxenye engajikelezi yejenereyitha. Yilapho kukhiqizwa khona i-voltage eyinhloko ebangelwayo. I-stator yakhiwa yilokhu:
– Uhlaka lwe-stator: isakhiwo somshini esisekela izingxenye zangaphakathi.
– I-Stator core: yakhiwe ngama-lamination ensimbi ye-silicon ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanje e-eddy. Ama-lamination angamashidi amancane ahlanganiswe ukuze aphule indlela yamanje e-eddy.
– Ukugoqa i-Stator: ikhoyili yocingo lomqhubi (ngokuvamile ithusi) ebekwe ezikhaleni ze-stator core. Le khoyili ivame ukuklanywa ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo wezigaba ezintathu.
I-stator isebenza "njengendawo" yokuphuma kwamandla kagesi, ngoba i-voltage ebangelwayo ivela kukhoyili yayo.
2. I-Rotor (Ingxenye Ejikelezayo)
I-rotor yingxenye yejeneretha ejikeleza nomgodi we-turbine. Kujeneretha kagesi wamanzi ohambisanayo, i-rotor ikhiqiza insimu yamagnetic eyinhloko. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zama-rotor:
– I-rotor ye-pole ephawulekayo: ivame kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ngoba ama-hydro turbine avame ukujikeleza ngesivinini esiphansi. Lolu hlobo lwe-rotor lunezinsika eziphumayo, ezifanele izinsika eziningi, okuvumela imvamisa oyifunayo ngesivinini esiphansi.
– I-rotor ye-cylindrical (engabalulekile): ivame kakhulu kumajeneretha okushisa asheshayo, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
I-rotor iphinde ifakwe i-field winding ehlinzekwa ngogesi we-DC ukuze ikhiqize insimu yamagnetic.
3. Uhlelo Lokuvusa Imizwa
Ukuze i-rotor ikhiqize insimu yamagnetic, i-generator idinga uhlelo lokuvuselela oluhlinzeka ngogesi we-DC kuma-rotor coil. Uhlelo lokuvuselela lubalulekile ngoba lunquma:
– usayizi we-voltage yokukhipha ijeneretha,
– ikhono lomkhiqizi lokunikeza noma ukumunca amandla asabelayo (i-VAR),
– ukuzinza kokusebenza lapho umthwalo ushintsha.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuvusa:
– Isivuseleli esingenamabhulashi: sithembeke kakhulu, asinakekeli kakhulu, sisetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi zanamuhla.
– I-Exciter enebhulashi (ibhulashi/indandatho yokushelela): ilula kodwa idinga ukulungiswa ngoba izingxenye zokuthintana ziyakhuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvusa ngokuvamile kulawulwa yi-AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ukuze kugcinwe i-voltage izinzile.
4. Umgodi kanye ne-Clutch
I-shaft iwukuxhumana kwemishini phakathi kwe-turbine ne-generator rotor. Ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla kagesi, i-shaft kumele ibe nalokhu:
- amandla aphezulu ngokumelene nokugoba,
- ukumelana nokudlidliza,
– ukunemba okuhle kokuqondanisa ukuze kugwenywe ukuguguleka ngokweqile.
Ukuxhumanisa (uma kusetshenziswa) kusiza ukuxhuma i-turbine kanye nejenereyitha, futhi kunciphisa imiphumela yokudlidliza noma ukungalungi okuncane.
5. Amabheringi
Ijubane eliphezulu lokujikeleza kwe-rotor lidinga uhlelo lokuthwala ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza komgodi futhi kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-bearing:
– Ukuthwala okuqondisiwe: kugcina indawo yomgodi iqondile futhi ayishintshi iye eceleni.
– I-Thrust bearing: imelana namandla e-axial (ukusunduza) avela ngenxa yamandla amanzi ku-turbine kanye nesisindo se-rotor.
Izinhlelo zokugcoba amabhereyi (ukugcotshwa kwamafutha) kanye nokupholisa zivame ukuhlanganiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushisa ngokweqile.
6. Uhlelo Lokupholisa Lwejeneretha
Amajeneretha kagesi asebenza ngamandla aphezulu, akhiqiza ukushisa okuvela ekulahlekelweni kukagesi nokwemishini. Ukuze kugcinwe ukufudumala kwekhoyili futhi kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kudingeka ukupholisa, isibonelo:
– ukupholisa umoya ngefeni yangaphakathi,
– ukupholisa amanzi ku-heat exchanger,
– kumayunithi athile, angasebenzisa uhlelo lokupholisa oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuya ngomthamo.
Ukupholisa okuhle kwandisa impilo ye-stator kanye ne-rotor insulation.
7. Uhlelo Lokuzihlukanisa Nokuvikela
Ama-stator kanye nama-rotor coil kumele abe nohlelo lokuvikela oluqinile olungamelana nama-voltage aphezulu, amazinga okushisa kanye nomswakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijeneretha ifakwe izindlela zokuvikela ukuvimbela umonakalo, njenge:
- ukuvikelwa kwe-short circuit kanye ne-overcurrent,
- ukuvikelwa kokushisa okugobile,
- ukuvikelwa kokudlidliza,
- ukuvikelwa kwamaphutha omhlaba,
– ukulahlekelwa isivikelo sokuvusa.
Lezi zinhlelo ngokuvamile zixhunywe kumaphaneli okulawula kanye nezinhlelo ze-SCADA.
8. Ama-terminals Okukhipha kanye ne-Step-Up Transformer (Isigaba Esihlobene)
Umphumela wejeneretha ngokuvamile usezingeni eliphakathi (isb., 6–20 kV, kuye ngomklamo). Ugesi ube usudluliselwa ku-transformer yesinyathelo ukuze ukhuphuke ube yi-transmission voltage (isb., 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, noma ngaphezulu), ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa yi-transmission.
Nakuba i-transformer ingeyona ingxenye yangaphakathi yejeneretha, iyingxenye ebalulekile yochungechunge lokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Indlela Amajeneretha Asebenza Ngayo Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi: Ukulandelana Kwezinqubo
1. Amanzi acindezelwe ajikeleza i-turbine
Amandla amanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini ngendlela yokujikeleza komgodi we-turbine.
2. Umgodi we-turbine ujikeleza i-rotor yejeneretha.
I-rotor, enensimu yamagnetic, ijikeleza ngesivinini esithile. Lesi sivinini silawulwa ukuze sihambisane nemvamisa yesistimu (50 Hz e-Indonesia).
3. I-rotor magnetic field “isika” ama-stator coil
Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, i-magnetic flux iyashintsha uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo yama-stator coil. Yilapho i-voltage ebangelwayo ibonakala khona kuma-stator windings.
4. I-voltage yesigaba esithathu ivela kuma-terminal e-stator.
Ngenxa yokuthi ikhoyili ye-stator yakhelwe njengesigaba sesithathu esinokushintshwa kukagesi okungamadigri ayi-120, umkhiqizo wejeneretha uwuhlelo lwe-AC oluzinzile lwesigaba sesithathu lwemithwalo emikhulu.
5. I-AVR ilawula ukuvusa ukuze igcine i-voltage
Njengoba umthwalo ushintshashintsha, i-AVR ishintsha ugesi we-rotor ukuze igcine i-voltage yokuphuma ingaphakathi kwesimiso esijwayelekile.
6. Amandla kagesi asatshalaliswa ku-transformer nakunethiwekhi
Umphumela wejeneretha ungena ku-transformer ekhuphukayo, bese uthunyelwa ngenethiwekhi yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa kubathengi.
I-Penutup
Ijeneretha kagesi ngamanzi iyithuluzi elibalulekile eliguqula amandla omshini avela ku-turbine abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko zifaka i-stator, i-rotor, uhlelo lokuvuselela, i-shaft, ama-bearings, ukupholisa, ukuvikela, kanye namadivayisi okuvikela. Zonke lezi zingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukukhiqiza ugesi ozinzile, osebenzayo, nophephile wezigaba ezintathu ukuze udluliselwe kugridi. Ngokuqonda izingxenye kanye nokusebenza kwejeneretha kagesi ngamanzi, singabona ukuthi ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwesitshalo samandla kagesi ngamanzi akuxhomekile kuphela ekutholakaleni kwamanzi kodwa futhi nasekuthembekeni kohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-electromechanical ngaphakathi kwejeneretha.
