Ukubaluleka Kwamajeneretha Ezinhlelweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi kanye Nendlela Asebenza Ngayo
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi aziwa njengomunye wemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ezinzile kakhulu futhi asetshenziswe isikhathi eside emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kokuthembeka kwesitshalo samandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi (i-PLTA) kukhona uchungechunge lwezingxenye ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zisekelane: idamu noma indawo yokungenisa amanzi, isiteshi samanzi (i-penstock), i-turbine, i-generator, kanye nohlelo lokudlulisa. Phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zingxenye, i-generator idlala indima ebalulekile ngoba yilapho amandla kagesi—umphumela wokujikeleza kwe-turbine—eguqulwa khona abe amandla kagesi asebenzisekayo. Ngaphandle kwe-generator, amandla amakhulu amanzi angavele ame njengokunyakaza kwemishini, hhayi ugesi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokubaluleka kwama-generator ezinhlelweni ze-hydroelectric, ukuthi asebenza kanjani, kufaka phakathi izici zobuchwepheshe ezenza asebenze kahle futhi athembeke.
Indima Yamajeneretha Ezinhlelweni Zikagesi Wamanzi
Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, amanzi aphakeme anamandla angase abe khona. Lapho amanzi egeleza e-turbine nge-penstock, amandla angase abe khona ashintsha abe amandla e-kinetic (ukunyakaza). I-turbine ibe isiguqula amandla e-kinetic amanzi abe amandla omshini ngendlela yokujikeleza kwe-shaft. Kulesi sigaba, i-generator ithatha izintambo: ukujikeleza kwe-turbine shaft kudluliselwa ku-generator rotor ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ngesimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic.
Amajeneretha awagcini nje “ngokwenza ugesi,” kodwa futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi okhiqizwayo unezici ezifanele zokudlulisa nokusetshenziswa, njenge-voltage, imvamisa, kanye nokuzinza kwamandla. Esikalini sohlelo lwamandla, lokhu kuzinza kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwezinto zasendlini, imishini yezimboni, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa ugesi.
Kungani Ama-generator Ebaluleke Kangaka?
1. Ukuguqula Amandla Omshini Abe Amandla Kagesi Ngokuphumelelayo
Amajeneretha esimanje aklanyelwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kwejeneretha kungaba phezulu kakhulu kangangokuthi iningi lamandla omshini e-turbine empeleni liguqulwa libe amandla kagesi. Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kusho izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi.
2. Ukunquma Ikhwalithi Kagesi Okhiqizwayo
Ikhwalithi yamandla kagesi ayixhomekile kuphela enanini lamandla (MW), kodwa futhi nasekuzinzeni kwe-voltage (kV), imvamisa (Hz), kanye ne-power factor. Ama-generator asebenza ngokubambisana nezinhlelo zokulawula kanye nokuvuselela ukuze agcine la mapharamitha ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo. Lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zomthwalo (isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okwandisiwe ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu), ama-generator kumele akwazi ukusabela ukuze agcine ukunikezwa kukagesi okuzinzile.
3. Ivumela Ukuhlanganiswa neGridi Yamandla
Ugesi ovela kumajeneretha kagesi asebenza ngamanzi ngokuvamile ukhiqizwa ku-voltage ephakathi kuya kwephezulu, bese ukhushulwa kusetshenziswa ama-transformer ukuze kudluliselwe kahle ibanga elide. Amajeneretha kumele avunyelaniswe negridi ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwemvamisa kanye nesigaba. Ngaphandle kokuvumelanisa okufanele, kunengozi yokuphazamiseka okukhulu njengokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi, ukungazinzi kohlelo, ngisho nomonakalo wemishini.
4. Ukuthembeka Kokusebenza Kwesikhathi Eside
Izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zivame ukuklanywa ukuthi zisebenze amashumi eminyaka. Amajeneretha ayisici esibalulekile, njengoba ukwehluleka kungabangela ukuthi iyunithi ekhiqizayo ivale ngokuphelele. Nakuba ukulungiswa kwejeneretha kubalulekile, amajeneretha amanzi ngokuvamile aklanywa ukuthi aqine: amelane nokushisa, amelane nokudlidliza, futhi akwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukahlukene.
5. Isekela Ukulawulwa Kwamandla kanye Nokuphendula Kwesistimu
Izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zaziwa ngamakhono azo "okulandela umthwalo", azivumela ukuthi zisheshe ziphendule ezinguqukweni zomthwalo. Lokhu kusabela kwenziwa lula uhlelo lwe-turbine kanye ne-generator. I-generator enhle ingazivumelanisa nezimo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa uhlelo lwamandla, okwenza izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezitshalo zikagesi ezikhula ngokushesha noma ezilinganisayo, ikakhulukazi lapho amandla avela kweminye imithombo, njengelanga nomoya, eshintshashintsha.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zejeneretha Esitsheni Samandla Kagesi Samanzi
Ngokuvamile, ijeneretha kagesi equkethe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. I-Rotor: Ingxenye ejikelezayo, ngokuvamile enensimu yamagnetic (ekhiqizwa yi-electromagnet noma i-unomphela kumadizayini athile). I-rotor ixhunywe ngqo ku-turbine shaft.
2. I-Stator: Ingxenye engaguquki equkethe ama-conductor coil. Yilapho ugesi ubangelwa khona lapho insimu yamagnetic ye-rotor ishintsha uma iqhathaniswa ne-stator.
3. Uhlelo lokuvusa: Uhlelo oluhlinzeka ngogesi we-DC ku-rotor (kujeneretha ehambisanayo) ukuze kwakheke insimu yamagnetic. Ukuvusa kudlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni i-voltage yokuphuma komshini wokuvusa.
4. Uhlelo Lokupholisa: Amajeneretha akhiqiza ukushisa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ugesi kanye nokwemishini. Ukupholisa kungasebenzisa umoya, amanzi, noma i-hydrogen ezinhlelweni ezithile.
5. Ama-Bearings: Sekela umgodi we-rotor ukuze ukwazi ukujikeleza kahle nangokungaguquguquki okuncane.
6. Uhlelo lokuvikela nokulawula: Luhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, amandla kagesi, izinzwa ze-voltage, ukudluliselwa kokuvikela, namadivayisi okuvumelanisa.
Indlela Ijeneretha Kagesi Esebenza Ngayo
Isimiso sokusebenza sejeneretha esitshalweni samandla kagesi ngamanzi silandela umthetho kaFaraday wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic: izinguquko ekugelezeni kwamagnetic "okusika" umqhubi zizokhiqiza i-voltage kagesi.
Nansi indlela yokusebenza ngendlela emfushane kodwa ecacile:
1. Amanzi Ajika I-Turbine
Amanzi acindezelwe ayageleza futhi ashaye ama-blade e-turbine (njenge-Francis, Pelton, noma i-Kaplan turbine). I-turbine bese ijikeleza. Ijubane lokujikeleza lithintwa yizinga lokugeleza kwamanzi, ikhanda, kanye nomklamo we-turbine.
2. I-turbine ijikeleza i-rotor yejeneretha.
I-turbine shaft ixhunywe ku-generator rotor (ngokuqondile noma ngohlelo lokuxhumanisa). Njengoba i-turbine ijikeleza, i-generator rotor nayo ijikeleza ngesivinini esithile. Ku-generator ehambisanayo, leli jubane lihlobene nemvamisa kagesi okhiqizwayo. Isibonelo, ukuze kukhiqizwe i-50 Hz, kudingeka inhlanganisela ethile yesivinini sokujikeleza kanye nenani lezigxobo zikagesi.
3. I-Rotor Magnetic Field Idala I-Voltage ku-Stator
I-rotor ithwala insimu yamagnetic. Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, insimu yamagnetic ishintsha indawo uma iqhathaniswa nama-stator coil. Lolu shintsho lukhiqiza ukugeleza kwamagnetic okuhlukahlukene kuma-stator coil, okukhiqiza i-voltage yamanje eshintshanayo (AC). Le voltage ibe isidluliselwa njengogesi.
4. Uhlelo Lokuvusa Imizwa Lulawula I-Voltage
Ukuze kugcinwe i-voltage yokukhipha eqinile, ama-generator ahambisanayo asebenzisa uhlelo lokuvusa ukulawula amandla ensimu yamagnetic ye-rotor. Uma umthwalo ukhuphuka futhi i-voltage ivame ukwehla, uhlelo lokuvusa lungandisa ugesi wokuvusa, luqinise insimu yamagnetic futhi luqinise i-voltage.
5. Ukuvumelanisa Nokusatshalaliswa Kunethiwekhi
Ngaphambi kokuba ijenereyitha ixhunywe kugridi, ukuphuma kwayo kumele kuvumelaniswe: imvamisa, i-voltage, kanye ne-engeli yesigaba kumele kufane naleyo yesistimu yegridi. Uma sekuvumelanisiwe, amandla kagesi angageleza esuka kujenereyitha aye ku-transformer, bese eya kunethiwekhi yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa.
Izinhlobo Zamajeneretha Asetshenziswa Kakhulu Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Izitshalo eziningi zamandla kagesi zisebenzisa amajeneretha ahambisanayo ngoba afanelekela amandla amakhulu futhi avumela ukulawulwa okuhle kwe-voltage kanye ne-power factor. Ezitshalo ezincane (ama-micro-hydro), amajeneretha okungenisa nawo asetshenziswa ngenxa yobulula bawo kanye nezindleko eziphansi, yize ukulawula kwawo kungaguquguquki njengejeneretha ezihambisanayo futhi ngokuvamile adinga ukwesekwa kwegridi noma ama-capacitor ukuze kulawulwe amandla asebenzayo.
Izinselele Zokukhiqiza Nokulungisa
Naphezu kokuqina kwawo, amajeneretha asabhekene nezinselele ezifana nokushisa ngokweqile, umswakama, ukudlidliza, kanye nokuguga kwe-coil insulation. Ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa njalo njengokulinganisa ukumelana nokushisa, ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza kwamabhere, ukuqapha izinga lokushisa le-stator/rotor, kanye nokuhlolwa kwesistimu yokupholisa kubalulekile. Isu lokulungisa elinengqondo lingavimbela ukuwohloka okukhulu futhi landise isikhathi sokuphila kwejeneretha.
Isiphetho
Ijenereyitha iyisisekelo sokuguqulwa kwamandla ohlelweni lwe-hydroelectric, iguqula ukujikeleza kwe-turbine kube ugesi ozinzile, osebenzisekayo. Indima yayo idlulela ngale kokukhiqiza ugesi nje kuphela; igcina nekhwalithi yamandla, ivumelanisa negridi, futhi isekela ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside. Ngomgomo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, i-rotor ejikelezayo ikhiqiza i-voltage ku-stator, ebe isikhiqiza uhlelo lokuvuselela nokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngomklamo ophumelelayo nokugcinwa kahle, ijenereyitha esiteshini samandla kagesi samanzi ingaba umgogodla wokunikezwa kwamandla ahlanzekile okuthembekile kwanamuhla nasesikhathini esizayo.
