Izinhlobo Zeziteshi Zokuphambukisa Ezisetshenziswa Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
I-Pendahuluan
Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, noma ugesi wamanzi, ungenye yezinhlobo zamandla avuselelekayo ezivame kakhulu nezihlala isikhathi eside. Asebenzisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ukushayela ama-turbine, abese ekhiqiza ugesi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu kagesi wamanzi isiteshi sokuphambukisa amanzi. Lo mzila ubalulekile ekuqondiseni amanzi emithonjeni yemvelo njengemifula noma amachibi kuya eyunithi yokukhiqiza, lapho eguqulwa khona abe ugesi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zeziteshi zokuphambukisa amanzi ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi wamanzi.
Vula Isiteshi
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Iziteshi ezivulekile zingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu nezilula zokuphambukisa amanzi ezinhlelweni zikagesi wamanzi. Lezi ziteshi ngokuvamile ziyimisele noma iziteshi ezenziwe ngabantu eziqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kusuka emthonjeni ngqo kuyi-turbine.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Imisele evulekile ivame ukufakwa ukhonkolo noma ezinye izinto zokuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi nokugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zemisele evulekile izindleko zayo zokwakha eziphansi kanye nokulula kokugcinwa nokuqapha. Kodwa-ke, zidinga isikhala esikhulu futhi zingabhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuchitheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemvelo okungenzeka.
Ipayipi le-Penstock
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Ipayipi le-penstock lipayipi elikhulu elisetshenziselwa ukugeleza amanzi ukusuka endaweni ephakeme kuya endaweni ephansi, lapho kutholakala khona i-turbine. Ama-penstock ngokuvamile enziwa ngensimbi, ukhonkolo olufakwe ngensimbi, noma ezinye izinto ezingagqwali.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ipayipi le-penstock yikhono layo lokuqondisa amanzi amaningi ngomfutho ophezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla kagesi ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Ama-ribbon penstock nawo amelana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle njengokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokuchitheka kwamanzi uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi ezivulekile.
Imigudu (Imigudu Yamanzi)
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Umhubhe wamanzi uwumhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba noma ongaphansi kwamanzi owakhelwe ukuphambukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi aye esiteshini sikagesi. Le mihubhe ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ukuma komhlaba kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemisele evulekile noma imigodi.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Ukwakhiwa kwemihubhe yamanzi kuhilela ukubhoboza nokufaka uthango ngezinto eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunamandla futhi kuncishiswe ukuvuza. Inzuzo eyinhloko yokusebenzisa imihubhe yikhono layo lokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwendawo ezungezile kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yomonakalo ovela ezintweni zemvelo ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubi kakhulu.
I-Siphon Yamanzi
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
I-siphon yamanzi iwubuchwepheshe obusha obusebenzisa izimiso zefiziksi ukuphambukisa amanzi ukusuka ezingeni elilodwa lokuphakama aye ezingeni eliphansi ngaphezu kwesithiyo noma isithiyo ngaphandle kokudinga uphethiloli owengeziwe.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Ukwakhiwa kwe-siphon yamanzi kusebenzisa uhlelo lwepayipi olunomumo we-U noma olunomumo okhethekile oluvumela amanzi ukuthi ageleze ngamandla adonsela phansi. Lolu hlelo lusebenza kahle kakhulu ekushintsheni okuncane futhi lungasetshenziswa ngezindleko eziphansi. Uhlobo lwalo olungenawo ugesi lwenza ama-siphon amanzi abe inketho enobungani nemvelo.
Izakhiwo Zokulahla
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Izakhiwo zamaconsi ziwuhlobo lwesiteshi sokuphambukisa esivumela amanzi ukuba ehle esuka ekuphakameni okuthile aye phansi kwesiteshi, esebenzisa amandla e-kinetic akhiqizwa yi-drop.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Lezi zakhiwo ngokuvamile zakhiwa ngenhlanganisela yezinto ezifana nokhonkolo, itshe, nensimbi, futhi zivame ukuba nezimpophoma zokwenziwa noma ama-cascades ukwandisa ijubane lokugeleza kwamanzi. Inzuzo eyinhloko yezakhiwo zamaconsi ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle ekuphambukisweni kwamanzi ngokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla nokukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Imigwaqo Emikhulu
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Imisele yamanzi iyizingxenye zedamu elakhelwe ukuhambisa amanzi angaphezulu avela edamini elingaphansi komfula, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha noma zokulawula izikhukhula.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Imiklamo yemigwaqo yokuchitheka kwamanzi ingahluka kakhulu, kusukela emizileni yokuchitheka kwamanzi e-chute, emizileni yokuchitheka yamanzi e-ogee, kuya emizileni yokuchitheka yamanzi eseceleni. Inzuzo yabo ikhono labo lokulawula amanzi amaningi kakhulu ngaphandle kokufaka engozini isakhiwo sedamu ngokwalo. Imigwaqo yokuchitheka kwamanzi ivame ukusetshenziswa njengezindlela zokuphambukisa zesikhashana noma eziphuthumayo lapho amanzi amaningi edlula amandla aphephile.
Ama-Flumes
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
I-flume iwumsele wokwenziwa, ngokuvamile ibhavu noma umsele, owenziwe ngezinto eziqinile njengensimbi noma ukhuni, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa amanzi ukusuka kwenye indawo aye kwenye, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezintaba.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Ama-flume avame ukwakhiwa nge-slope ethile ukuze kube lula ukugeleza kwamanzi ngempumelelo. Awusizo kakhulu ekuklanyweni komhlaba okuphakeme nokunamatshe, lapho iziteshi noma amapayipi avulekile kungaba nzima ukuwasebenzisa. Inzuzo yama-flume yikhono lawo lokusingatha kalula ukushintshashintsha kokuphakama futhi, kwezinye izimo, angalungiswa noma ayiswe kwenye indawo njengoba kudingeka.
Izindawo Zokungena Nezokuphuma
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Iminyango yokungena kanye nezindawo zokuphuma kuyizakhiwo ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi angena futhi aphume eziteshini zokuphambukisa. Zingathatha isimo seminyango yokungena, izikrini, izihlungi, noma amasango okuvula amanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinzuzo
Iminyango nezindawo zokungenisa amanzi zivame ukumbozwa ngezinto eziqinile zokunciphisa imiphumela yokugqwala kanye nomonakalo wemishini. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokungenisa amanzi nezindawo zokungenisa amanzi kuvumela ukulawulwa okungcono komthamo wokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nesivinini, okubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kohlelo lonke lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Isiphetho
Izinhlobo zeziteshi zokuphambukisa ezihlelweni zikagesi zamanzi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zenzelwe izidingo ezithile kanye nezimo zendawo yesikhungo sikagesi. Imisele evulekile, izitokisi, imigudu yamanzi, amapayipi okukhipha amanzi, izakhiwo zokuphonsa amanzi, izindlela zokuchitheka, ama-flume, kanye nezindawo zokungenisa amanzi kanye nezindawo zokuphuma kwamanzi ngayinye inezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okumele kucatshangelwe enkambisweni yokuklama nokuqalisa. Ukuqonda izici nemisebenzi yohlobo ngalunye lwesiteshi sokuphambukisa amanzi kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kahle, ukuqina, kanye nokusimama kwezitshalo zikagesi zamanzi.
