Umklamo Wesiteshi Sokuphambukisa Ukuthuthukisa Ukugeleza Kwamanzi Ku-Turbine
Kuzo zombili iziteshi zamandla kagesi (i-PLTA) kanye nezama-microhydro, esinye sezihluthulelo eziyinhloko zempumelelo ukuthi amanzi angaqondiswa kanjani ku-turbine ngendlela ezinzile, ephephile, nephumelelayo. Amanzi amaningi awakhiqizi amandla aphezulu ngokuzenzakalelayo uma ukugeleza kwawo kungaphathwa kahle. Yilapho iziteshi zokuphambukisa zidlala khona indima ebalulekile: zisebenza ukuphambukisa okunye kokuchitheka komfula noma kwesiteshi esikhulu ohlelweni lwamandla, bese zikubuyisela emfuleni ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezimiso, izingxenye, kanye nokucatshangelwa kobuchwepheshe ekwakhiweni kweziteshi zokuphambukisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwamanzi ku-turbine.
1. Incazelo kanye Nomsebenzi Weziteshi Zokuphambukisa
Isiteshi sokuphambukisa amanzi siyingqalasizinda yamanzi eqondisa amanzi esuka emthonjeni (umfula, umsele wokunisela, noma idamu) aye eyunithi yokukhiqiza amanzi. Ngokungafani namadamu amakhulu akha amadamu okugcina amanzi, izinhlelo zokuphambukisa amanzi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukugeleza kwamanzi omfula, okungukuthi, zisebenzisa ukugeleza kwemvelo okunesitoreji esincane. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yeziteshi zokuphambukisa amanzi ihlanganisa:
1. Bamba ukukhishwa okudingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe i-turbine ngokwezinga lokuklama.
2. Zinzisa ukugeleza ukuze i-turbine ithole ukukhishwa okuqhubekayo futhi ingaguquguquki kakhulu.
3. Lawula inhlabathi kanye nokungcola ukuze kungalimazi i-turbine noma kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo kahle.
4. Nciphisa ukulahlekelwa amandla (ukulahlekelwa ikhanda) ngenxa yokungqubuzana, ukugoba okubukhali, noma izingxenye zesiteshi ezingafanele.
5. Gcina ukuphepha ngokuhlinzeka ngezindawo zokuchichima, iminyango yokukhipha amanzi, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezikhukhula.
Ngamanye amazwi, isiteshi sokuphambukisa umoya “siyindlela yamandla” eqinisekisa ukuthi amandla amanzi afinyelela ngempela ku-turbine esesimweni esihle kakhulu.
2. Amapharamitha Ayinhloko Anquma Umklamo
Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuma nobukhulu besiteshi, abahleli kumele baqonde imingcele eminingana eyisisekelo:
– Ukukhishwa komklamo (Q): inani lokugeleza okuqondiswe ukungena ku-turbine (m³/s).
– Ikhanda eliphelele (i-Hnet): umehluko wokuphakama osebenzayo osele ngemuva kokususa ukulahleka kwamandla.
– Izici zomfula: ukuchitheka okuncane kanye nokwezinga eliphezulu kwesizini, umthambeka wombhede, ububanzi bomfula, kanye namaphethini ezikhukhula.
– Ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi: ubukhulu kanye nokugcwala kwenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semvula.
– Izimo ze-Geological kanye ne-topographic: nquma ukuqina kokwakhiwa, izidingo zomugqa, kanye nezingozi zokudilika komhlaba.
– Izidingo zemvelo: ukugeleza okuncane okumele kuqhubeke nokugeleza emfuleni (ukugeleza kwemvelo).
Umklamo omuhle uhlala ulinganisela izidingo zamandla, ukuphepha, izindleko zokwakha, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.
3. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesiteshi Sokuphambukisa
Uhlelo lokuphambukisa ngokuvamile luqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezihlobene:
a. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Intake
Indawo yokungenisa amanzi iyindawo yokuqala yokungenisa amanzi. Indawo yayo ikhethwa ukuze:
- kulula ukuqondisa ukungena,
– kuphephile kakhulu ekugugulekeni komhlaba kanye nasezikhukhuleni,
– nciphisa ukungena kwenhlabathi.
Indawo yokungenisa imvamisa ifakwe i-rack kadoti (isihlungi esiqinile) sokugcina amagatsha, ipulasitiki, kanye nodoti omkhulu.
b. Isiteshi Somjaho Wekhanda
Isiteshi sokuhambisa amanzi sithwala amanzi kusukela endaweni yokungenisa amanzi siye ethangini lokuxazulula amanzi noma e-forebay. Isiteshi singaba:
– iziteshi ezivulekile, ezifanelekela ukuma kwezwe okuthambile kanye nezindleko eziphansi,
– ipayipi (i-penstock yokuqala), uma indawo inzima noma udinga ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa.
Ukwakheka kwesiteshi sokuhambisa kufanele kugcizelele izinga lokugeleza elifanele. Ukuhamba kancane kakhulu kubangela ukuthi inhlabathi izinze; ngokushesha kakhulu kwandisa ukulahleka kwamandla kanye nengozi yokuguguleka.
c. Isitsha Sokuhlalisa (Isicupho Sesihlabathi)
Kuma-turbine—ikakhulukazi ama-turbine e-Pelton ne-Turgo—i-sand sediment ingasheshisa ukuguguleka kwe-nozzle kanye ne-runner. Ama-basin okuhlala aklanyelwe ukunciphisa ijubane lokugeleza, okuvumela i-sand sediment ukuthi ihlale phansi bese ikhishwa ngesango lokukhipha amanzi.
d. I-Forebay kanye ne-Spillway
I-forebay iyidamu ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene e-penstock. Umsebenzi wayo ukuqinisa ukugeleza nokunikeza isikhala sokugcwala ngendlela yokuchitheka uma ukuchitheka kukhulu. Indlela yokuchitheka ivimbela ukucindezela okukhulu kanye nokugcwala okungalawuleki okungalimaza i-penstock noma isakhiwo.
e. I-Penstock kuya ku-Turbine
Nakuba i-penstock ingeyona ingxenye yomsele ovulekile, iwukuqhubeka kohlelo lokuphambukisa. Ukushintsha kusuka endaweni engaphambili kuya endaweni engemuva kumele kube bushelelezi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla futhi kugwenywe ama-vortices angangenisa umoya.
4. Izimiso ze-Hydraulic Zokuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle
Ukwenza ngcono ukugeleza kwe-turbine kugxile ekugcineni i-Hnet iphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukulahlekelwa amandla (ukulahlekelwa ikhanda) kwenzeka ngenxa yalokhu:
– ukungqubuzana kwezindonga zesiteshi/zepayipi,
- izinguquko esigabeni esiphambene,
- ukujika,
– isiyaluyalu.
Eziteshini ezivulekile, abahleli bavame ukusebenzisa i-equation kaManning ukulinganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokwehla, ukujiya kweziteshi, kanye nesivinini sokugeleza. Ngokomqondo, izinyathelo zokwenza ngcono zifaka:
1. Thola isigaba sesiteshi esifanele (i-trapezoidal noma isikwele) ukuze kugeleze kahle.
2. Khetha izinto zokweluka njengokhonkolo, ukwakhiwa ngamatshe, noma i-geomembrane ukulawula ukugoba nokuvuza.
3. Nciphisa ukujika okubukhali; uma kungenakugwenywa, sebenzisa irediyasi enkulu yokujika kanye nesivikelo sewa.
4. Gwema izinguquko zokuphakama okungazelelwe ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kanye nokuqhekeka kwemithambo ezindaweni ezivalekile.
5. Lawula ijubane elibalulekile le-sediment, ukuze izinhlayiya zingaqongelelani kodwa zingagugi isiteshi.
Umphumela wokugcina ukugeleza “okuzolile kodwa okunamandla”: okusheshayo ngokwanele ukuthwala amanzi ngempumelelo, kodwa okuzinzile ngokwanele ukugwema umonakalo.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwendle Nokudoti: Izici Ezinquma Impilo Ye-Turbine
Izinhlelo eziningi ze-micro-hydro ziyahluleka ukufinyelela isikhathi sazo sokuklama ngenxa yezinkinga zedaka. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwemisele yokuphambukisa kufanele kufake amasu alandelayo:
– I-rack kadoti enezitebhisi: isikrini esiqinile endaweni yokungena kanye nesikrini esincane eduze kwe-forebay.
– Isicupho sesihlabathi esanele: ubude nokujula okwanele ukufaka isihlabathi sobukhulu obuthile (okunqunywa idatha yenhlabathi).
– Isango lokuhlanza: litholakala endaweni yodaka, kulula ukulisebenzisa, futhi liphephile kumqhubi.
– Ukufinyelela ekulungiseni: izindlela zokuhlola, izindawo zokusebenza kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza.
Isihluthulelo sokuklama akusikho nje "ukusebenza uma kusha," kodwa futhi nokuba lula ukuyinakekela eminyakeni edlule.
6. Ukuphepha Kwesakhiwo Nokumelana Nezikhukhula
Iziteshi zokuphambukisa kumele zikwazi ukumelana nokukhishwa okukhulu. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile:
– Ibhodi elikhululekile elanele (ukuphakama kokulungisa) ukuze amanzi angachichimi lapho amagagasi noma ukuphuma kwamanzi kuphakama.
– Ukuvikelwa kwamadwala ngamatshe aqinisiwe, ama-gabion, noma izitshalo.
– Izakhiwo zomsele ogelezayo endaweni engaphambili noma indawo yokungenisa amanzi ukuze kukhishwe amanzi amaningi.
– Hlola isango kanye nokuvalwa okuphuthumayo ukuze unqande ukugeleza okuya e-penstock uma kwenzeka umonakalo.
Ezindaweni ezivame ukudilika, imisele yokukhipha amanzi kumele igweme imithambeka engazinzile. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, kudingeka ukuqinisa inhlabathi, ukudonsa amanzi emthambekeni, kanye nokuqapha.
7. Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Zokusebenza Nezemvelo
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe akufanele kunganaki izici zomphakathi nezemvelo. Uhlelo oluhle lokuphambukisa:
– ukugcina ukuchitheka okuncane komfula endaweni ezungezile,
– ukugwema ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekufudukeni kwezinhlanzi (lapho kufanele khona),
– uma kucatshangelwa izidingo zomphakathi zokunisela noma amanzi angavuthiwe,
– ukuvimbela izinguquko ekubunjweni komfula ezibangela ukuguguleka komhlabathi ongezansi komfula.
Kumaphrojekthi amaningi, impumelelo yesikhathi eside inqunywa ukwamukelwa komphakathi kanye nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo.
8. Isiphetho
Ukwakheka kwesiteshi sokuphambukisa kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-turbine athola ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhle kakhulu, kokubili maqondana nokukhishwa, ukuzinza, kanye nekhwalithi (engenazo izibi kanye nemfucumfucu). Ngokucabangela imingcele yamanzi, ukuma komhlaba, ukulahlekelwa amandla, ukulawulwa kwezibi, kanye nezici zokuphepha kanye nezemvelo, izinhlelo zokuphambukisa zingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa ngenkathi zandisa impilo ye-turbine. Ekugcineni, iziteshi zokuphambukisa azizona nje "imisele yokulethwa kwamanzi," kodwa kunalokho ziyizinhlelo eziklanywe ngendlela enquma ukuthi amandla amanzi angaguqulwa kanjani abe ugesi ngendlela ethembekile neqhubekayo.
