Indima Yama-Catalyst Ezinqubweni Zensimbi
I-Metallurgy iyigatsha lesayensi nobuchwepheshe elifunda ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi kusuka ku-ore, ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuma kanye nokwelashwa ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo zezinto ezifiselekayo. Ngemuva kwalezi zigaba ezahlukahlukene, ama-catalyst adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ama-Catalyst yizinto ezisheshisa izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa unomphela. Nakuba ama-catalyst evame ukuxoxwa ngawo embonini yamakhemikhali, njengamakhemikhali kaphethroli noma ukukhiqizwa komanyolo, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ku-metallurgy manje kukhula ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezidingo zokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wensimbi ethuthukisiwe.
Kungani ama-catalyst ebalulekile ku-metallurgy?
Izinqubo ze-Metallurgical ngokuvamile zihilela ukusabela okushisa okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, kanye nokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezigaba eziqinile, eziwuketshezi, kanye negesi. Ama-catalyst angasiza ekwehliseni amandla okusebenza kwe-reaction, okuwavumela ukuthi aqhubeke ngokushesha noma emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, ama-catalyst anamandla okunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, andise impilo yemishini, futhi anciphise ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engafuneki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-catalyst angandisa ukukhetha, ukuthambekela kokusabela ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ethile, okubalulekile ekucwengisisweni kwensimbi kanye nokulawulwa kokwakheka kwe-alloy.
Ama-Catalyst esigabeni sokukhipha insimbi (i-pyrometallurgy kanye ne-hydrometallurgy)
Ekukhishweni kwensimbi, i-ore kumele icutshungulwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe izinsimbi ezibalulekile nokungcola. Ezindleleni ze-pyrometallurgical, ukunciphisa ama-oxide ensimbi kuvame ukwenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kusetshenziswa i-carbon, i-carbon monoxide, noma i-hydrogen. Kwezinye izinhlelo, ama-catalyst angasheshisa ukusabela kokunciphisa noma enze kube lula ukwakheka kwamagesi okunciphisa. Isibonelo, ezinqubweni ezisekelwe ku-hydrogen zokunciphisa ngqo i-iron ore, ama-catalyst athile angasiza ekuthuthukiseni i-reaction kinetics, okwenza inqubo isebenze kahle futhi ikhiqize ukukhishwa kwe-carbon okuphansi kunokunciphisa okusekelwe ku-coke.
Okwamanje, ku-hydrometallurgy, izinsimbi zikhishwa kusetshenziswa izinyibilikisi zamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-leaching, ukuhlanzwa kwesisombululo, kanye nemvula noma i-electrowinning. Ngesikhathi sesigaba se-leaching, ama-catalyst angasebenza njenge-redox agents, asheshise ukuncibilika kwamaminerali. Ekuncibilikeni kwegolide, isibonelo, kusetshenziswa i-cyanide, eyakha inhlanganisela enegolide. Nakuba le nqubo ingeyona "i-catalytic" kuphela, ukungezwa kwe-oxygen noma ama-oxidizing agents athile kungandisa izinga lokusabela. Kwezinye izinsimbi eziphikisayo, ama-catalyst noma ama-redox mediators angasiza ukuvula isakhiwo samaminerali ukuze kube lula ukuncibilika kwensimbi.
Ama-Catalyst ekuhlanzeni nasekususeni ukungcola
Ukucwengisisa insimbi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngoba ngisho nokungcola okuncane kungashintsha izakhiwo zensimbi, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokusebenza kwayo. Ama-catalyst angasetshenziswa ukusheshisa ukusabela kokubopha ukungcola noma ukuguqula ukungcola kube yizinhlobo ezihlukaniswe kalula.
Isibonelo, ekucwengisisweni kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, kwenzeka ukusabela phakathi kokungcola (njengesulfur noma i-phosphorus) kanye ne-slag. Nakuba i-slag ingeyona into ebangela ukungcola encazelweni yakudala, ezinye izingxenye ze-slag zingaba "i-catalytic" ngoba zisheshisa ukudluliselwa kwesisindo kanye nokusabela kwe-interfacial. Ukwengezwa kwezithasiselo ezithile kungandisa ikhono le-slag lokubopha i-sulfur (desulfurization), okuvumela i-sulfur ukuba iphume ensimbi encibilikisiwe ngokushesha. Le ndlela ihlobene noshintsho ku-slag viscosity, umsebenzi wamakhemikhali, kanye nendawo engaphezulu, konke okuthinta izinga lokusabela.
Enqubweni yokwenza insimbi, ukulawula ukusabela kwe-oxidation kanye nokunciphisa ezigabeni ze-basic oxygen converter (BOC) noma i-electric arc furnace (EARC) kubalulekile. Ama-Catalyst noma ama-reaction promoters angasiza ekulawuleni ukwakheka kwe-CO2, i-CO2, kanye nokusabela kwe-decarburization (ukunciphisa i-carbon), okwenza inqubo izinze futhi isebenze kahle.
Indima yama-catalyst enkambisweni yokwenza i-sintering kanye ne-pellet
Ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kwe-iron ore, ukuthungwa noma ukuthungwa kwe-pellet kuvame ukwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kanye nekhwalithi yokuphakelwa ku-blast furnace noma i-direct reduction reactor. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, kwenzeka ukusabela okuningana kokunciphisa i-oxidation, ukubola kwe-carbonate, kanye nokwakheka kwesigaba se-slag. Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezithile kungasebenza njengezinto ezikhuthazayo noma izikhuthazi, kusheshiswe ukwakheka kwesigaba sokubopha, kwandise amandla omshini we-sinter/pellet, futhi kuthuthukise i-porosity. Lokhu kuphumela enkambisweni yokuncibilikisa eqinile ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwegesi encishisiwe ngaphakathi kombhede wezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Catalyst ekulawuleni ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nemvelo
Enye yezindima ezivelele kakhulu zama-catalyst ku-metallurgy yanamuhla ukulawula ukukhishwa komoya. Izinqubo zokuncibilikisa nokuhlanza zikhiqiza amagesi afana ne-CO, i-NOx, i-SOx, kanye nama-compounds e-volatible organic kanye ne-particulate matter. Ubuchwepheshe be-Catalytic buvumela ukuguqulwa kokungcola kube ama-compounds aphephile ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe emkhathini.
Isibonelo, ama-catalyst e-oxidation angaguqula i-CO2 ngempumelelo ibe yi-CO2, kuyilapho ama-catalyst e-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) anganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-NOx ngokukuguqula kube yi-N₂ kanye ne-H₂O kusetshenziswa i-ammonia noma i-urea njenge-reductants. Ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-metallurgical, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlelo ze-catalytic kusiza ukuhlangabezana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo eqinile ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ikhwalithi yomoya ezungeze isitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-catalyst nawo adlala indima ekubuyiselweni kwamandla emagesini okukhipha umoya. Amagesi asaqukethe i-CO noma i-H₂ angashiswa ngendlela elawulwayo noma acutshungulwe ngama-catalyst ukuze kukhiqizwe ukushisa noma ngisho nokudla kwamakhemikhali. Intuthuko yakamuva ikhombe nasekusebenziseni amagesi okukhipha umoya asebenzisa insimbi njengomthombo wekhabhoni wokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa komqondo womnotho ojikelezayo.
Ama-Catalyst ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwensimbi kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo
Njengoba isidingo sensimbi esikhulayo kanye nemithombo yensimbi elinganiselwe, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuya ngokuya kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ama-catalyst angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula izinsalela, ikakhulukazi ekuhlukaniseni ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo noma ekuthuthukiseni ukubuyiswa kwezinsimbi ezinenani eliphezulu kusuka ku-e-waste.
Ekucubungulweni kwemfucuza kagesi (imfucuza kagesi), isibonelo, ama-catalyst angasetshenziswa esigabeni se-pyrolysis noma se-gasification ukuphula ama-polymer nama-resin, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zensimbi. Ama-catalyst angasiza futhi ukuguqula igesi ye-pyrolysis ibe amafutha noma imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ayigugu, ukunciphisa imfucuza yokugcina nokukhulisa ezomnotho zenqubo yokuvuselela kabusha.
Uma kukhulunywa ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion, ukubuyiswa kwezinsimbi ezifana ne-cobalt, i-nickel, i-manganese, ne-lithium kungabandakanya izinyathelo ze-hydrometallurgical. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst noma ama-redox mediators ekuleaching kungandisa ukukhetha futhi kunciphise isidingo samakhemikhali anolaka, okwenza inqubo ibe nobungane kakhulu nemvelo.
Izinselele zokusebenzisa ama-catalyst ku-metallurgy
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo ezibalulekile, ukusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst ezindaweni ze-metallurgical akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinqubo ze-metallurgical zivame ukwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo, kanye nalapho kukhona izinhlayiya eziqinile ezingalimaza noma zivale i-catalyst. Ama-catalyst angabhekana nokusha (ukugoqana kwezinhlayiya emazingeni okushisa aphezulu), ubuthi be-sulfur noma izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye nokungcola ngenxa yokufakwa kothuli. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwama-catalyst kwe-metallurgical kumele kucabangele ukuzinza kokushisa, ukumelana nobuthi, kanye namakhono okuvuselela.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, ama-catalyst asekelwe ensimbini eyigugu njenge-platinum noma i-palladium asebenza kahle kakhulu kodwa ayabiza kakhulu. Enye indlela ukuthuthukisa ama-catalyst asekelwe kuma-oxide ensimbi aguqukayo, ama-zeolite, noma izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezingabizi kakhulu kodwa ezisamelana nezimo zokusebenza ze-metallurgical. Ucwaningo lugxile kuma-nanocatalyst kanye nama-catalyst ahlelekile, anezindawo eziphezulu futhi amelana kakhulu nokungasebenzi.
Isiphetho
Ama-catalyst adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni ze-metallurgical, kusukela ekukhishweni nasekuhlanzweni kwensimbi, ngokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ne-sinter nama-pellets, kuya ekulawulweni kokukhishwa komoya kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuvuselela. Ngosizo lwama-catalyst, imboni ye-metallurgical ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, inciphise izindleko, inciphise ukungcola, futhi isekele ukushintshela ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza insimbi ezihlala isikhathi eside. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-catalyst amelana nokushisa okuphezulu, angenabo ubuthi, futhi angabizi kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokwenza ukusungula izinto ezintsha ze-catalytic kusetshenziswe kabanzi ezitshalweni ze-metallurgical emhlabeni jikelele.
