Indlela Inqubo Yokugoqa Ethinta Ngayo Izakhiwo Zemishini Zensimbi
Inqubo yokugoqa ingenye yezindlela zokwakha insimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza amapuleti, amashidi, izinduku, kanye namaphrofayili anobukhulu obuthile noma ingxenye ethile. Empeleni, ukugoqa kuhilela ukudlulisa izinto zensimbi phakathi kwama-roller amabili noma ngaphezulu ajikelezayo, okwenza insimbi iguquke ngepulasitiki futhi ishintshe isimo ngokwesikhala esiphakathi kwama-roller. Nakuba kubonakala kulula, ukugoqa kunomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni zensimbi—kusukela emandleni, ekuguquguqukeni, ebulukhunini, kuya ekumelaneni nokukhathala. Lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngoba ukugoqa kushintsha isakhiwo sensimbi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokugoqa Nokuguqulwa Kwepulasitiki
Uma insimbi icindezelwa ama-roller, izinto ziyashintshashintsha ngepulasitiki, ushintsho oluhlala njalo ngesimo ngemva kokudlula umkhawulo wayo wokunwebeka. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhamba kokuhlukana ngaphakathi kwekristalu yensimbi. Lapho kuncipha ukujiya noma indawo enqamulayo, kulapho kukhula khona ukuguquguquka kwepulasitiki. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugoqa kungangena "ezinguqukoni" ezithile zesakhiwo, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe izakhiwo zensimbi.
Ngokuvamile, ukugoqa kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukugoqa okushisayo, okwenziwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokuphinda kusetshenziswe kwensimbi, kanye nokugoqa okubandayo, okwenziwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuphinda kusetshenziswe. Lo mehluko ekushiseni kwenqubo uyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni uhlobo loshintsho lwesakhiwo kanye, ekugcineni, izakhiwo zemishini zomkhiqizo.
Umphumela Wokugingqika Emandleni Nasebukhunini
Omunye wemiphumela eshesha kakhulu yokugoqa—ikakhulukazi ukugoqa okubandayo—ukwanda kwamandla okukhiqiza kanye namandla okudonsa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukuguquka kwepulasitiki kwandisa inani kanye nobuningi bokugoqa. Ukugoqa okwengeziwe kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi ukugoqa okulandelayo kuhambe, okuholela ensimbini eqinile. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ukuqina kokucindezeleka noma ukuqina komsebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwamandla, ukugoqa kwandisa nokuqina. Insimbi egoqekile ebandayo ngokuvamile ilukhuni kunesimo sayo sokuqala (isibonelo, ngemva kokugoqa). Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, lobu bunzima obukhulayo bunenzuzo, njengasensimbini yensimbi yezimoto, edinga amandla amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina okwandayo kuvame ukuba ngenxa yokuncipha kokuguquguquka.
Ekugingqini okushisayo, ukuzuza kwamandla akubalulekile ngaso sonke isikhathi njengasekugingqini okubandayo ngoba ukululama kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kungenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okunciphisa kancane imiphumela yokuqina kokucindezeleka. Noma kunjalo, ukugingqini okushisayo kusengakwazi ukwandisa amandla ngokuhlanza isakhiwo esincane nokulawula usayizi wezinhlamvu, ikakhulukazi uma kwenziwa ngokulawula izinga lokushisa elifanele kanye nezinga lokupholisa.
Umphumela Wokugingqa Ekuphikeleleni Nasekuqineni
I-Ductility yikhono lento yokwenza i-plastic deformation ngaphambi kokuqhekeka. Ekugoqweni okubandayo, i-ductility ivame ukwehla ngoba ukwanda kobukhulu bokuqhekeka kwenza insimbi iqine, okusho ukuthi kunzima ukuqhekeka kakhulu ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto ezigoqwe ngokubandayo zivame ukuba sengozini enkulu yokuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokubumbana okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa njengokufakwa kwe-annealing.
Okwamanje, ukugoqa okushisayo kuvame ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enokugoqa okungcono kunokugoqa okubandayo, ngoba ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi senqubo kudala isakhiwo "esisha" sokusanhlamvu futhi kunciphisa ukugoqa. Lokhu kugoqa okuphezulu kuyasiza ezingxenyeni ezidinga amakhono okuguqulwa, njengezinqubo zokwakheka ezithuthukisiwe (ukudweba okujulile, ukugoba, njalo njalo).
Ukuqina, okuhlobene nekhono lokumunca amandla ngaphambi kokuqhekeka, nakho kuyathinteka ngokugoqa. Isakhiwo esincane esibangelwa ukugoqa (isb., usayizi wezinhlamvu ezincane) singandisa ukuqina, kodwa i-anisotropy kanye nokucindezeleka okusele kungakunciphisa uma kungalawulwa.
Izinguquko Zesakhiwo Esincane: Usayizi Wezinhlamvu, Ukuthungwa, kanye ne-Anisotropy
Ukugoqa akugcini nje ngokushintsha ubukhulu kodwa futhi kushintsha isakhiwo esincane. Ekugoqeni okushisayo, izinhlamvu zensimbi zingaguqulwa zilandelwe ukwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu, kukhiqize izinhlamvu ezintsha, ezincane. Usayizi wezinhlamvu ezincane ngokuvamile wandisa amandla (ngokusho kobudlelwano beHall-Petch) futhi kungathuthukisa nokuqina.
Ekugoqeni okubandayo, izinhlamvu aziphindi ziphinde zifane phakathi nenqubo (ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi), kodwa kunalokho ziyanwebeka eceleni kwendlela yokugoqa. Lokhu kudala ukuthungwa kwe-crystallographic kanye ne-anisotropy, okuwumehluko ezimpahleni zemishini ngokusekelwe endleleni. Isibonelo, amandla kanye nobunzima bokuqhekeka kungahluka phakathi kwendlela ehambisana nendlela yokugoqa kanye nendlela ewela kuyo. Embonini, le anisotropy kubalulekile ukuyicabangela ngoba ingathinta ukusebenza kwengxenye, ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni kweshidi.
Ukuthungwa kungathinta nezakhiwo ezifana nokudonseka okujulile kwensimbi eshidini. Ngensimbi eshidini noma i-aluminium esetshenziselwa ukupakisha, ukulawula ukuthungwa kubalulekile ekwakheni okuzinzile ngaphandle kokudabula noma ukushwabana ngokweqile.
Ukucindezeleka Okusele kanye Nomphumela Wakho Ekuhlanekezelweni
Ukugoqa, ikakhulukazi ukugoqa okubandayo, kungadala ukucindezeleka okusele ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungafani phakathi kobuso kanye nengaphakathi lezinto. Lokhu kucindezeleka okusele kungabangela ukuphambuka lapho izinto zisikwa, zishintshwa ngomshini, noma zishintshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka okusele kungabangela ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke izindawo ezingcolisayo.
Ekugingqikeni okushisayo, ukucindezeleka okusele kusengenzeka, kodwa kuvame ukuba phansi ngoba ukukhululeka kokucindezeleka kwenzeka kalula emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla kokupholisa ngemva kokugingqika okushisayo nakho kungadala ukucindezeleka okusele uma ukupholisa kungalingani.
Umphumela Wokugingqika Ekuphikeleni Ukukhathala
Amandla okukhathala yikhono lento yokubekezelela imithwalo ephindaphindwayo ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Ukugingqika kungandisa noma kunciphise amandla okukhathala kuye ngezici eziningana: izinga lokuqina kokucindezeleka, ikhwalithi yobuso, kanye nokuba khona kokucindezeleka okusele.
Ukugoqa okubandayo, okwandisa amandla nokuqina, kungathuthukisa umkhawulo wokukhathala kwezinye izimo. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugoqa kukhiqiza indawo enezinkinga ezincane, imihuzuko, noma ukucindezeleka okusele, ukumelana nokukhathala kungancipha ngoba imifantu yokukhathala ivame ukuqala ebusweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukugoqa kukhiqiza indawo enhle futhi kudala ukucindezeleka okusele kokucindezela ebusweni, ukumelana nokukhathala kungathuthuka.
Ukugoqa Nokuhlanganiswa Nokwelashwa Kokushisa
Emisebenzini yezimboni, ukugoqa kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokwelashwa kokushisa ukuze kufezwe inhlanganisela efiselekayo yezakhiwo zemishini. Isibonelo, ngemva kokugoqa okubandayo, ukugoqa kwenziwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuguquguquka ngokusebenzisa ukuphinde kusetshenziswe, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa ubulukhuni ukuze kwenziwe izinto zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa. Izinguquko ezifana nokugoqa okufudumele noma ukudlula kwesikhumba ensimbini yeshidi nazo zenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuba bushelelezi, kulawulwe izakhiwo zokukhiqiza, futhi kuncishiswe izinkinga ezifana nokuqina kwe-stretcher.
Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-alloy, ukugoqa okushisayo nakho kungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokuqinisa ukwelashwa kokushisa (njengokwelashwa kwesisombululo nokuguga ku-aluminium) ukuze kwandiswe amandla okugcina.
Isiphetho
Izinqubo zokugoqa zithinta kakhulu izakhiwo zemishini zensimbi ngokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, izinguquko zesakhiwo, ukwakheka kokuthungwa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokucindezeleka okusele. Ukugoqa okubandayo ngokuvamile kwandisa amandla nobunzima ngokuqina komsebenzi, kodwa kunciphisa ukugoqa futhi kungandisa i-anisotropy. Ukugoqa okushisayo kuvame ukukhiqiza ukugoqa okungcono kanye nesakhiwo esincane esifanayo ngenxa yokwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu, yize ukulawulwa kwenqubo kusadingeka ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha kanye nokucindezeleka okusele. Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwamapharamitha okugoqa kanye nezinguquko zesakhiwo, imboni ingaklama izinqubo ezikhiqiza izinto ezinezakhiwo zemishini ezenzelwe izidingo zohlelo lokusebenza—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zezingxenye zesakhiwo, izimoto, ukwakhiwa, noma imikhiqizo yensimbi eqondile.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezobuchwepheshe kakhulu (ngamagama anjengokuthi ukucindezelwa, ukucindezeleka kwangempela–ukucindezeleka, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-dynamic, kanye ne-Hall–Petch) noma okuthandwa kakhulu ngumfundi ojwayelekile, kufaka phakathi ukwengeza izibonelo zecala ensimbini, e-aluminium, noma ethusi.
