Ubuchwepheshe Bamuva Ekucubungulweni Kwensimbi Yesiliva
Isiliva (i-Ag) liyinsimbi eyigugu enenani eliphezulu futhi lidlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ekuhlobiseni nasekutshalweni kwezimali kuya ezimbonini ze-elekthronikhi nezamandla. Ngaphandle kobuhle bayo bokukhazimula, isiliva liqhosha ngokuqhutshwa kahle kukagesi nokushisa, izakhiwo zemvelo zokulwa namagciwane, kanye nokukhanya okuphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo kuholele ekufuneni okukhulayo kwesiliva, kuyilapho izidingo zezimboni ziqhuba izinqubo zokucubungula ezisebenza kahle, ezinembile, nezinobungani nemvelo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ubumsulwa obukhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela ubuchwepheshe obusha obuhlukahlukene ukubhekana nalezi zinselele—kufaka phakathi ukukhipha, ukucwenga, ukwakheka, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha.
1. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhipha isiliva kanye nokwehlukanisa
Isiliva livela emithonjeni eyinhloko (embiwe) kanye nemithombo yesibili efana nemfucuza kagesi, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nezinsalela zenqubo yezimboni. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje manje bubeka phambili izindlela zokukhipha ezikhethiwe kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza.
a) I-hydrometallurgy ephephile esekelwe ekukhucululeni
Izindlela zendabuko zivame ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ngoba iyasebenza ekuncibilikiseni izinsimbi eziyigugu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha kanye nemvelo, kuye kwasungulwa ezinye izindlela zokukhipha i-non-cyanide. Izindlela eziningana eziye zacwaningwa kabanzi futhi eziqala ukusetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-thiosulfate, thiourea, kanye ne-halide. Lezi zindlela zinenzuzo yokunciphisa ingozi yemvelo kanye nokukhetha, okungathuthukiswa ngokulungisa i-pH, ama-oxidizing agents, kanye nezithasiselo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
b) Ukukhipha i-solvent ekhethiwe kakhulu kanye nokushintshaniswa kwama-ion
Uma isiliva selincibilikile, lihlukaniswa nokungcola ngokusebenzisa i-solvent extraction (SX) noma ama-ion exchange resins. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-resin bunamaqembu asebenzayo aklanyelwe ngqo ukubamba ama-Ag⁺ ama-ion ngokukhetha, okwenza inqubo yokuhlanza isheshe futhi isebenze kahle. Ezimbonini ezidinga ubumsulwa obuphezulu—isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-elekthronikhi—le ndlela isiza ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kokungcola okufana nomthofu, ithusi, noma i-bismuth kube amazinga aphansi kakhulu.
c) Ukulawulwa kwe-electrometallurgy kanye nokuwina nge-electro
Ukuwina nge-electro kuyindlela yokukhipha isiliva esixazululweni se-electrolyte kusetshenziswa ugesi. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva buthembele ekulawulweni kwedijithali kwamapharamitha (ugesi, i-voltage, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokwakheka kwe-electrolyte) ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwesiliva okufanayo, ukuvimbela ukungcola, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Kwezinye izitshalo, lolu hlelo luhlanganiswa nezinzwa eziku-inthanethi ukuqapha amazinga e-ion yensimbi ngesikhathi sangempela.
2. Ukucwengisiswa Kwesiliva Okuhlanzekile Kakhulu
Ngezidingo ezithile ezifana nezingxenye ze-semiconductor, ukuxhumana kukagesi okunembile, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-optical, isiliva sekhwalithi ephezulu siyadingeka ngamazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka.
a) Ukuhlanza ngogesi kwesizukulwane esisha
Ukuhlanza nge-electrorefining kuhlanza isiliva ngokulincibilikisa libe yi-anode, bese kuthi isiliva elihlanzekile lingene ku-cathode. Izinto ezintsha zakamuva zifaka phakathi ukwakheka kwamaseli e-electrolysis okuzinzile, ukusetshenziswa kwama-membrane akhethekile ukucindezela ukufuduka kokungcola, kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela kokuphatha i-anode slime, evame ukuqukethe ezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu.
b) Inqubo yokwenza amakristalu kanye nokulawulwa kwesakhiwo esincane
Ngaphezu kokuhlanzeka kwamakhemikhali, ikhwalithi yesiliva nayo inqunywa yisakhiwo sayo sekristalu kanye nosayizi wezinhlamvu, okuthonya izakhiwo zayo zomshini kanye nokusebenza kwayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izakhiwo ezincane busebenzisa izinqubo eziqondile zokufaka, ukupholisa okulawulwayo, kanye nokuguqulwa okulawulwayo ukukhiqiza izinto ezisebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi ekuqhubeni ucingo lwesiliva noma izingxenye ezincane.
3. Ukuvuselela Isiliva Esivela Kudoti Kagesi (Ukumbiwa Kwasemadolobheni)
Enye yentuthuko enkulu ukugxila okwandayo ekuvubukuleni emadolobheni, ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu emikhiqizweni elahliwe. Imfucuza kagesi (imfucuza kagesi) iqukethe isiliva ezixhumini, izihlanganisi ezithile, oxhumana nabo kagesi, kanye namabhodi e-PCB.
a) Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesimanje: ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe kunzwa
Ngaphambi kokukhipha amakhemikhali, kudingeka ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto okusebenzayo. Ubuchwepheshe bamanje busebenzisa izinzwa ze-optical, i-X-ray fluorescence (XRF), kanye nokuhlunga okusekelwe ekuxineni noma amasimu kazibuthe ukuhlukanisa izingxenyana ezicebile ngensimbi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagent amakhemikhali futhi kwandisa izinga lokuphakelwa kwesiliva.
b) I-Bioleaching: indima yama-microorganisms
I-Bioleaching isebenzisa amabhaktheriya athile ukusiza ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezintweni. Nakuba ngokuvamile ihamba kancane kunezinqubo zamakhemikhali, inikeza izinzuzo ezifana nomthelela ophansi emvelweni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi. Intuthuko yakamuva igxile ekwandiseni amazinga okusabela ngokuthuthukisa ukudla okunempilo kwamagciwane, umoya, kanye nomklamo we-bioreactor.
c) Hlanza i-pyrometallurgy ngokulawula ukukhishwa komoya
Kwezinto ezithile, izindlela ze-thermo (pyrometallurgical) zihlala zibalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bugcizelela ukulawulwa kokukhishwa komoya kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokuhlunga igesi yokukhipha ezithuthukisiwe, ukubanjwa kwezinhlayiya ezincane, kanye nokubuyiselwa kokushisa ukuze kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi.
4. Ubuchwepheshe Obunembile Bokwenza Isiliva Nokwenza Isiliva
Uma isiliva elihlanzekile selitholakele, isigaba esilandelayo ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo: ubucwebe, imigoqo/izinhlamvu zemali, izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, izembozo zokuzivikela, kanye nezinto ezisebenzayo.
a) Ukuphrinta kwensimbi nge-3D (Ukukhiqiza Okungeziwe) okusekelwe esiliva
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kuvula amathuba emiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi okunzima ukuyidala ngamasu avamile. Ngobucwebe kanye nezingxenye ezikhethekile, ubuchwepheshe obufana nokufaka i-binder kanye nezinqubo zokubumba ezisekelwe ku-powder yesiliva zenza kube nokwenzeka ukudalwa kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo okuncishisiwe. Izinselele eziqhubekayo zifaka phakathi ukulawula ukugoba, amandla omshini, kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo ukuze kutholakale imiphumela ebushelelezi nehlala isikhathi eside.
b) Ukubumba ngensimbi (i-MIM) kokukhiqiza ngobuningi
Ngezingxenye ezincane neziqondile, i-MIM iyisisombululo esisebenzayo. Impuphu yesiliva ixutshwa ne-binder, ibunjwe njengepulasitiki, bese ihlukaniswa futhi ihlanzwe. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva be-MIM bugcizelela ukulawulwa kosayizi wezinhlayiya, ukwakheka kwe-binder okulula ukuyihlanza, kanye nokusha komkhathi olawulwayo ukuvimbela ukubola kanye nokuguquka kombala.
c) Ukugoqa nokudweba ngentambo ngokuqapha kwedijithali
Ucingo lwesiliva lusetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-elekthronikhi kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile. Izinqubo zokudweba ucingo zesimanje zihlonyiswe ngezinhlelo zokuqapha ukulawula ukucindezeleka kokudonsa, ukuthambisa, kanye nokushisa. Lokhu kunciphisa amaphutha anjengemifantu emincane futhi kuphumela emikhiqizweni efanayo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokumboza Nokuvikela Ukulwa Nokungcoliswa
Ubuthakathaka beSilver ukuthi ingcola kalula (iba mnyama) ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali esibabule emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokumboza kanye nokuvikela ubuso buyaqhubeka nokukhula.
a) Ukufakwa kwe-electroplating kanye nokufakwa kwe-pulse plating
Indlela yakamuva yokufaka i-electroplating isebenzisa i-pulse plating ukukhiqiza ungqimba lwesiliva olulinganayo, oluqinile, nolungagugi kakhulu. Le ndlela ivumela ukulawulwa okunembile kobukhulu bengqimba—okubalulekile embonini yezixhumi zikagesi.
b) Ukugqoka okulwa nokugqwala okusekelwe ku-nanotechnology
Ezinye izinto ezintsha zifaka phakathi izembozo ezincane, ezisekelwe ezintweni ezincane noma izendlalelo ze-polymer ezisobala ezivikela isiliva esibabuleni nasemswakama ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukukhazimula kwayo. Ebucwebeni, lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukisa ukuqina kokubukeka kwayo ngenkathi bunciphisa isidingo sokupholisha okuphindaphindiwe.
c) Ukwelashwa kwendawo okunobungani nemvelo
Izimboni eziningana seziqala ukushintshela emikhiqizweni yokuvikela amakhemikhali ephephile kubasebenzi kanye nemvelo. Ukugxila kukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi nokuwashintsha ngezinhlobo ezizinzile kodwa ezisebenzayo.
6. Ukwenziwa Kwedijithali kanye Nemboni 4.0 Ekucubungulweni Kwesiliva
Ukuguqulwa kwedijithali nakho kuguqula imboni yezinsimbi, okuhlanganisa nesiliva. Izimboni zanamuhla zisebenzisa izinzwa, ukuzenzakalela, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle.
a) Ukulawulwa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela
Izinzwa ze-pH, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, ukuhlushwa kwe-ion yensimbi, kanye nokushisa kuvumela ukulawulwa kwenqubo okunembe kakhudlwana. Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zingalungisa ngokushesha umthamo we-reagent, ijubane lamanje, noma ukugeleza ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yokuhlanzeka ehambisanayo.
b) Ukulungiswa okubikezelayo
Imishini yokugingqa, amaseli e-electrolysis, amaphampu, ngisho nezinhlelo zokuhlunga zidinga ukulungiswa. Ngokusebenzisa idatha yokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokusebenza, izinhlelo zokulungisa ezibikezelayo zisiza ukubikezela ukwehluleka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.
c) Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kanye nokwakheka kwekhabhoni
Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kahle amandla, ukubuyisa ukushisa, kanye nokwenza ngcono imigqa yenqubo manje sekuyingxenye yamasu ezimboni okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba abathengi nabalawuli begxila kakhulu ekusimeni.
Isiphetho
Ubuchwepheshe bamuva ekucubungulweni kwesiliva bukhomba indlela ecacile: izinqubo ezikhethayo, ezihlanzekile, ezisebenzayo, nezidijithali. Kusukela ekukhucululeni okungena-cyanide, ukuhlukaniswa okukhethiwe ngama-resin, kanye nokuwina ngogesi okulawulwayo, kuya ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwemfucuza ye-e kanye nokukhiqiza ngokunemba njengokunyathelisa kwe-3D, konke kunegalelo embonini yesiliva yesimanje neqhubekayo. Kusukela phambili, inhlanganisela yokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukuzenzekela, kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuhlangabezana nesidingo sesiliva somhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokwandisa umthelela wemvelo. Ngakho-ke, isiliva akuyona nje insimbi ejabulisa ubuhle, kodwa futhi iyinto ehlelekile ekucubungulweni kwayo okuqhubeka nokuguquka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesikhathi.
