Izinhlobo Zezinsimbi Ezimelana Nokushisa Ezisetshenziswa Ezinjinini Zejethi
Izinjini zejethi zisebenza ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa egesi yokukhipha ugesi esigabeni se-turbine angadlula u-1.000°C, kuyilapho izingxenye kumele zihlale ziqinile ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu yokujikeleza, ukucindezela okuphezulu, kanye nokuchayeka ku-oxidation kanye nokugqwala okuvela kumagesi ashisayo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha insimbi yenjini yejethi akuyona nje indaba "yokungancibiliki," kodwa futhi nokugcina amandla omshini emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukumelana nokukhukhuleka, ukukhathala kokushisa, kanye nokuwohloka komphezulu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zezinsimbi ezingamelana nokushisa ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini zejethi kanye nezizathu zobuchwepheshe ngemuva kokukhethwa kwazo.
1. Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel
Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel “ayizinkanyezi” zendawo eshisayo yezinjini zejethi, ikakhulukazi ama-turbine blades, ama-vanes, nama-disc athile. Lawa ma-alloy aklanyelwe ukuhlala eqinile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu asondela emikhawulweni yezinsimbi zesakhiwo.
Kungani i-nickel ingcono kakhulu? I-nickel inesakhiwo sekristalu esizinzile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi ingaxutshwa nezinye izakhi ukuze kwandiswe amandla. Ukuqina okuyinhloko kuvame ukuvela kuma-gamma-prime (γ') phase precipitates, ngokuvamile asekelwe ku-Ni₃(Al,Ti), amelana nokunyakaza kokudilika, okugcina izinto ziqinile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Izibonelo zama-alloy kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo:
– I-Inconel 718: Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni zangemuva ze-compressor, ama-casing, kanye nezinye izingxenye ze-turbine ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kanye nokulula kokwenziwa, yize umkhawulo wayo wokushisa wokusebenza uphansi kunowe-superalloys yesimanje ye-turbine.
– I-Rene, i-CMSX, kanye ne-single-crystal alloys: Kuma-turbine blades okuqala, ama-superalloy enziwe ngokuqina okuqondiswayo noma ubuchwepheshe be-single-crystal ayevame ukusetshenziswa. Isakhiwo se-single-crystal sinciphisa imingcele yokusanhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela sandisa kakhulu ukumelana nokukhathala kokushisa.
Izinzuzo:
– Kuqinile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu
- Imelana nokukhathala okushisa nokukhukhumala
- Ingahlanganiswa nesembozo esimelana ne-oxidation
Ukushoda:
- Kubiza kakhulu futhi kunzima ukukucubungula
– Ubuningi obukhulu (obunzima)
- Kudinga amasu okusakaza aqinile kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi
2. Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-Cobalt
Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-Cobalt nawo asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezishisayo, yize ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe kune-nickel. Ama-alloy e-Cobalt avame ukuba nokumelana okuhle nokugqwala kokushisa kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, okwenza afaneleke ezingxenyeni ezithile ezifana nama-combustor liner, ama-nozzle guide vanes, noma izingxenye ezibhekene nokungqubuzana okunamandla kanye ne-oxidation.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Ayimelani ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala kokushisa
– Izinzile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile
- Ukumelana nokuguguleka okungcono kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Inothi elibalulekile: Imiklamo eminingi yesimanje yezinjini zejethi incike kuma-superalloy e-nickel ukuze kutholakale amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, kuyilapho i-cobalt isetshenziswa lapho izakhiwo zomhlaba, ukumelana nokugqwala, noma ezinye izidingo ezithile zibaluleke kakhulu.
3. Ama-alloy e-Titanium (ama-alloy e-Titanium)
I-Titanium yaziwa ngesilinganiso sayo esihle kakhulu samandla nesisindo. Ezinjinini zejethi, i-titanium isetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezibhekana namazinga okushisa aphansi kunezinjini zomoya, njengeziphephetha, ama-compressor asekuqaleni kuya kwaphakathi, kanye nezakhiwo zokusekela.
Imikhawulo Yokushisa: Ama-alloy e-Titanium ngokuvamile asebenza kahle aze afike ku-300–600°C (kuye ngohlobo lwe-alloy kanye nezimo), ngakho awasetshenziswa ohlangothini olushisa kakhulu lwe-turbine. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi i-compressor nayo ibhekana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, i-titanium isadlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni isisindo senjini iyonke.
Isibonelo: I-Ti-6Al-4V ingenye yama-alloy e-titanium athandwa kakhulu embonini yezindiza, ikakhulukazi izingxenye ze-compressor nezakhiwo ezidinga ukukhanya kodwa amandla.
Izinzuzo:
- Kukhanya, kuqinile, futhi kuyamelana nokugqwala
- Kunciphisa isisindo esijikelezayo ukuze ukusebenza kahle kukhuphuke
Ukushoda:
– Akufanelekile ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu ze-turbine
– Kungase kubhekane nokushiswa/ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo uma umkhawulo wokushisa womklamo udluliwe.
4. Insimbi engagqwali nensimbi engagqwali (Izinsimbi ezingagqwali nezinsimbi ezingagqwali)
Insimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi ye-alloy engashisi ukushisa kusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zenjini yejethi ezidinga ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation kanye namandla aphakathi emazingeni okushisa aphakathi, kanye nokonga kakhulu kune-superalloys.
I-Aplikasi umum:
- Izimbobo ezithile, amapayipi, izikhonkwane, kanye nezingxenye ezisekelayo
– Ingxenye yokukhipha umoya noma isakhiwo sangaphandle sinezinga lokushisa eliphansi kune-turbine eyinhloko.
Izinzuzo:
- Kushibhile futhi kulula ukukucubungula
– Ukumelana nokugqwala kuhle kakhulu (kuye ngokuthi ingakanani)
Ukushoda:
– Amandla okushisa aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokukhukhuleka ngokuvamile kuphansi kune-superalloys.
– Akufanele izingxenye ze-turbine zesigaba sokuqala
5. Ama-alloy asekelwe ku-nickel-iron kanye nama-alloy akhethekile (isb. i-Incoloy)
Ngaphezu kwama-superalloy e-nickel amsulwa, kukhona nama-alloy e-nickel-iron asetshenziselwa ukufeza ibhalansi phakathi kokumelana nokushisa, amandla, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye namakhono okukhiqiza. Ama-alloy afana ne-Incoloy avame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-oxidation/thermal kodwa azivezwanga emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu.
Indima ezinjinini zejethi:
– Izingxenye ezizungeze igumbi lokushisa noma iziteshi ezithile zegesi eshisayo
– Izingxenye ezidinga ukuzinza kobukhulu kanye nokumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation
6. I-Tantalum, i-molybdenum, kanye ne-tungsten (izinsimbi eziphikisayo)
Izinsimbi ezikhipha umoya njenge-tungsten (W), i-molybdenum (Mo), kanye ne-tantalum (Ta) zinamaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika. Ngokwethiyori, zikhanga kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, ezinjinini zejethi ezisebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kunqunyelwe yimingcele eminingana: ukuminyana okuphezulu (ikakhulukazi i-tungsten), ubunzima bokwenziwa, kanye nokuthambekela ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okukhethekile.
Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe:
– Ngezinye izikhathi njengesici sokuxuba kuma-superalloy ukwandisa amandla okushisa aphezulu.
– Izicelo ezikhethekile ezingxenyeni ezithile, ocwaningweni lwezinto ezibonakalayo, noma ezingxenyeni ezidinga ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu endaweni elawulwayo.
Ngamanye amazwi, izinsimbi eziphikisayo zivame "ukuba khona" hhayi njengezinto eziyinhloko zezingxenye ezinkulu, kodwa njengezinto eziqinisayo kuma-alloy anamuhla.
7. Izimbozo Zezithiyo Zokushisa (i-TBC) kanye nezinhlelo
Nakuba kungezona “izinsimbi eziyisisekelo,” akukho ngxoxo ngezinsimbi ezingamelana nokushisa ezinjinini zejethi engaqedwa ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi izingxenye ezishisa kakhulu cishe njalo zithembele ekumbozweni. Ama-blade amaningi e-turbine enziwe ngama-superalloy e-nickel kusetshenziswa:
– I-Bond coat (isb. i-MCrAlY, lapho i-M = Ni/Co) yokumelana ne-oxidation
– Izitsha zobumba ze-TBC (isb. i-zirconia/YSZ ezizinzile ze-yttria) ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokushisa lensimbi eyisisekelo
Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-superalloy, ukupholisa kwangaphakathi, kanye nokwemboza kuvumela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu egesi yokusebenza kunalawo izinsimbi zodwa ezingawaphatha. Leli isu elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini zejethi zanamuhla.
8. Izindlela zokukhetha izinsimbi ezingashisi izinjini zejethi
Ekwakhiweni kwenjini yejethi, "ukumelana nokushisa" kusho ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa:
1. Amandla okushisa aphezulu: Ayilahlekelwa amandla kakhulu uma ishisa.
2. Ukumelana nokuhuzuka: Iyakwazi ukumelana nokuguquguquka okungapheli uma ithwalwa umthwalo wesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
3. Ukumelana nokugqwala nokushisa: Akusheshi ukuwohloka ngamagesi ashisayo.
4. Ukumelana nokukhathala okushisa: Iyakwazi ukumelana nemijikelezo ephindaphindwayo yokushisa nokubanda.
5. Amakhono okukhiqiza nokulungisa: Angafakwa, ahlanganiswe, ashiselwe/alungiswe, futhi alawulwe ikhwalithi.
6. Isisindo kanye nezindleko: Kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nokonga.
Isiphetho
Izinsimbi ezingamelani nokushisa ezisetshenziswa ezinjinini zejethi azilona uhlobo olulodwa, kodwa ziqoqo lezinto ezikhethiwe ngokusekelwe ezindaweni zokushisa kanye nomthwalo womsebenzi. Ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-nickel abusa izindawo ezishisa kakhulu, njengama-turbine, ngenxa yamandla awo aphezulu okushisa kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka, kuyilapho ama-superalloy e-cobalt esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile ezidinga ukugqwala kokushisa kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka. I-Titanium ikhethwa kuma-compressor kanye nezingxenye ezipholile ngoba ilula kakhulu kodwa inamandla, kuyilapho izinsimbi ezingamelani nokushisa kanye nama-alloy e-nickel-iron zibhekana nezidingo ezisebangeni lokushisa eliphakathi ngezindleko ezingcono kanye nokulula kokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izembozo zokuvimbela ukushisa kanye nemiklamo yokupholisa kuyizinto ezidingekayo zokuhlanganisa ezivumela izinjini zejethi zanamuhla ukuthi zisebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu egesi.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yinguqulo yobuchwepheshe kakhulu (ngezibonelo zezingxenye ezithile ngendawo ngayinye: i-fan–compressor–combustor–turbine–exhaust) noma inguqulo elula yomfundi ojwayelekile.
