Inqubo Yokucubungula Insimbi Ye-Manganese Yokukhiqizwa Kwensimbi
I-Manganese (Mn) iyinto ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa insimbi embonini yensimbi. Nakuba okuqukethwe kwe-manganese ensimbini ngokuvamile kungephezulu njengokwezinto eziyinhloko njengensimbi (Fe) ne-carbon (C), indima yayo ibaluleke kakhulu: ukwandisa amandla, ukuqina, ukumelana nokuguguleka, nokusiza inqubo yokucwenga ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa. Ngaphandle kwe-manganese, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yesimanje bekuyoba nzima ukufeza inhlanganisela yezakhiwo zemishini ezidingekayo ekwakheni, ezimotweni, emishinini esindayo, kanye nengqalasizinda. Ukuze uqonde igalelo le-manganese ensimbini, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi i-manganese ore icutshungulwa kanjani ibe umkhiqizo olungele ukusetshenziswa enkambisweni yokwenza insimbi.
1. Imithombo kanye nezici ze-Manganese Ore
I-Manganese ore ivela ezidiphozithini zamaminerali ezicebile nge-Mn, njenge-pyrolusite (MnO₂), i-psilomelane, i-manganite, kanye ne-rhodochrosit. Okuqukethwe kwe-Manganese ku-ore kuyahlukahluka kusukela kokuphansi kuya kokuphezulu, futhi kuvame ukuhambisana nokungcola okufana ne-iron, i-silica (SiO₂), i-phosphorus (P), i-sulfur (S), kanye ne-alumina (Al₂O₃). Lokhu kungcola kunquma indlela yokucubungula ekhethiwe, njengoba imboni yensimbi ibucayi kakhulu ku-phosphorus kanye ne-sulfur, okungonakalisa ikhwalithi yensimbi.
Ngokuvamile, i-manganese ore ye-metallurgy kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile, njengokuqukethwe okwanele kwe-Mn, isilinganiso esifanele se-Mn/Fe, kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-P ne-S. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-ore idinga ukudlula enkambisweni yokuzuza (ukukhuhla, ukuhlukaniswa, noma ukuhlanzwa kokuqala) ngaphambi kokuqhubekela enkambisweni yokunciphisa.
2. Isigaba Sokulungiselela: Ukuzuza Nokuhlela
Isigaba sokuqala sokucubungula i-manganese ore sihlose ukwandisa okuqukethwe yi-Mn nokunciphisa ukungcola. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka:
1. Ukuchoboza nokugaya
I-ore ichotshozwa ibe usayizi wezinhlayiya ezithile ukuze kuhlukaniswe kahle. Usayizi wezinhlayiya omkhulu kakhulu unciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa, kuyilapho usayizi wezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ungandisa ukulahleka kwezinto eziyigugu.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuwashwa
Ngenxa yomehluko wobuningi phakathi kwamaminerali e-manganese kanye ne-gangue, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kungandisa okuqukethwe yi-Mn. Ukugeza kusiza futhi ukususa ubumba kanye nokungcola kobuso.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic kanye nokuntanta
Amanye amatshe adinga ukuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe yi-iron ore. Ukuntanta kusetshenziselwa kakhulu amatshe ayinkimbinkimbi anokungcola okunzima ukuwahlukanisa ngokoqobo.
Uma okuqukethwe yi-manganese sekwanele, i-ore ingahlanganiswa ngokucwilisa noma ngokufaka i-pelletizing. Ukuhlanganiswa kuthuthukisa ukungena kanye nokuzinza kwezinto ezisesithandweni, okwenza inqubo yokunciphisa isebenze kangcono.
3. Inqubo Yokunciphisa: Ukuguqula i-Manganese Oxide ibe yi-Alloy Elungele Ukusetshenziswa
Embonini yensimbi, i-manganese ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngesimo sayo sensimbi emsulwa ngenxa yezindleko zayo nezidingo zayo ezingokoqobo. Ama-alloy avame kakhulu yi-ferromanganese (FeMn) kanye ne-silicon manganese (SiMn). Zombili zikhiqizwa ngokunciphisa i-manganese ore ezithandweni zokushisa okuphezulu.
3.1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Ferromanganese (FeMn)
I-Ferromanganese iyinhlanganisela yensimbi ne-manganese, evame ukuqukethe cishe u-65–95% Mn, kuye ngohlobo. Imikhiqizo emibili eyinhloko yile:
– I-Ferromanganese Enekhabhoni Ephakeme (HC FeMn): ikhabhoni ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa, inqubo eyongayo.
– I-Ferromanganese Yekhabhoni Ephakathi/Ephansi (MC/LC FeMn): ikhabhoni ephansi, esetshenziswa lapho okuqukethwe ikhabhoni ensimbini kufanele kulawulwe.
a) Isithando somlilo nezinto zokusetshenziswa
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-FeMn ngokuvamile kusebenzisa isithando somlilo esingaphansi komhlaba sikagesi (SAF). Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zifaka:
– I-Manganese ore (noma ingxube yama-ore)
– Isinciphisi sekhabhoni (i-coke, amalahle, amalahle)
– I-Flux (i-limestone/i-dolomite) yokubopha i-silica bese yakha i-slag
b) Isimiso sokusabela
Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ama-manganese oxides (isb., i-MnO₂) ancishiswa kancane kancane abe yi-MnO bese kuba yi-Mn ku-alloy. I-Carbon isebenza njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, ikhiqiza igesi ye-CO/CO₂. I-slag, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yakhiwa ngokusabela kokungcola okufana ne-silica ene-flux, okuvumela isigaba sensimbi (i-FeMn alloy) ukuthi sihlukaniswe ne-slag.
c) Ukuhlukaniswa nokuthepha
Ngemva kokufinyelela ukwakheka okufunwayo, ingxube encibilikisiwe iyakhishwa esithandweni. I-slag nensimbi kuyahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekuhlukeni kobukhulu bazo. Insimbi bese iphonswa kuma-ingot noma ichotshozwe ibe ngamasayizi athile ngokwezidingo zemishini yensimbi.
3.2. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Silikomanganese (SiMn)
I-Siliconanganese ngokuvamile iqukethe cishe i-60-70% Mn kanye ne-14-20% Si. Le ngxube ithandwa kakhulu ngoba ikhonza izinjongo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: i-manganese isebenza njengesihlanzi kanye nesiqinisi, kanti i-silicon isebenza njenge-deoxidizer enamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-SiMn kusebenzisa nesithando se-arc esingaphansi kwamanzi, kusetshenziswa uhlobo oluthile lwe-manganese ore, i-quartz (njengomthombo we-Si), i-carbon reductant, kanye ne-flux njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Le nqubo idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwe-slag ukuqinisekisa ukwehla okusebenzayo kwe-silicon kanye ne-manganese ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kakhulu kwe-manganese ku-slag.
4. Ukulawula Ukuhlanzwa Nokungcola
Uma kukhulunywa ngokukhiqizwa kwensimbi, inkinga enkulu nge-manganese ukungcola okufana ne-phosphorus ne-sulfur. Amazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus angabangela insimbi ukuba iqhekeke emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kanti i-sulfur ingabangela ukushoda kokushisa (ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza okushisa). Ngakho-ke:
– Ukukhethwa kwama-ore ane-P ne-S ephansi kubaluleke kakhulu.
– Izinqubo zokulungisa nokulawula i-slag (isisekelo) zisiza ukubopha ukungcola.
– Ngemikhiqizo ye-manganese esezingeni eliphezulu, inqubo yokuncibilikisa iyalawulwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emithonjeni eminingana ziyaxutshwa ukuze kulinganiswe ukwakheka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo ye-ferromanganese enekhabhoni ephansi ivame ukudinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe, njengokususwa kwekhabhoni, ukuze ifaneleke ezinsimbini ezikhethekile ezidinga ikhabhoni ephansi.
5. Indima yeManganese eNqubweni Yokwenza Insimbi
Uma i-ferromanganese noma i-silicomanganese isitholakala, yengezwa ezinqubweni zokwenza insimbi njenge-basic oxygen furnace (BOF) noma i-electric arc furnace (EAF), ngokuvamile esigabeni sokugcina sokuncibilikisa noma ngesikhathi sokusansimbi kwe-ladle. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ye-manganese ensimbini ihlanganisa:
1. Ukususwa koketshezi emzimbeni
I-Manganese isiza ukubopha umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, ivimbele ukubhoboka kanye nokukhubazeka okubangelwa ama-oxide.
2. Ukususa i-sulfurization (kunqunyelwe, kuye ngezimo)
I-Manganese ingakha i-MnS, inciphise imiphumela emibi yesibabule. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ezimweni ze-slag kanye nenqubo.
3. Thuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini
I-Manganese yandisa amandla okubamba nokuqina, futhi ithuthukisa ukuqina kwezinye izinsimbi.
4. Nciphisa imiphumela emibi yezinye izakhi
Isibonelo, i-manganese isiza ukubopha isulfure ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukuqhekeka kokushisa.
6. Izici Zemvelo Nokusetshenziswa Kahle Kwamandla
Ukucubungula i-Manganese, ikakhulukazi ku-SAF, kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amaningi futhi kukhiqiza ukukhishwa kwegesi (CO2, CO2) kanye nemfucuza ye-slag. Ngakho-ke, imboni ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuthi:
- Ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokunciphisa ikhabhoni
- Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yokukhipha umoya ekushiseni noma ekukhiqizeni amandla
- Ukuphathwa kwe-slag kwezicelo ezithile zokwakha (uma kuhlangatshezwana nezindinganiso)
– Ukulawula uthuli kanye nezinhlayiya ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlunga
Ukuthobela imithethonqubo yezemvelo kuyisici esibalulekile, ikakhulukazi njengoba imisebenzi yokuncibilikisa ingakhiqiza uthuli oluqukethe ama-metal oxide.
Isiphetho
Inqubo yokucubungula insimbi ye-manganese yokukhiqiza insimbi ihilela uchungechunge lwezigaba, kusukela ekulungisweni kwe-ore (ukuzuza), ukuqina, ukunciphisa ukuncibilika esithandweni se-arc esingaphansi kwamanzi, kuya ekuhlukanisweni kwe-ferromanganese noma i-silicomanganese alloys. Le mikhiqizo ye-alloy isetshenziswa ezigayweni zensimbi ukuze kususwe i-oxidation, kuthuthukiswe impahla yemishini, kanye nokulawula ukungcola njengesulfure. Ngokulawulwa okufanele kokwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukwakheka kwenqubo, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo, i-manganese iyinsika ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni insimbi esezingeni eliphezulu yezidingo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni zanamuhla.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izingxenyana ezithile kuma-flowsheet enqubo, izinhlobo zesithando kanye namapharamitha azo okusebenza, noma ukuqhathanisa i-FeMn vs SiMn kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zensimbi.
