Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Insimbi Ye-Tin ye-Electronic Solder
I-Tin, noma eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-Sn (uphawu: Sn, inombolo ye-athomu: 50), iyinsimbi edlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwe-solder yemishini kagesi. I-Solder iyinto esetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezindaweni zensimbi, ngokuvamile equkethe ingxube yezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-tin. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe ngenqubo yokukhiqiza insimbi ye-tin esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-solder kagesi, kusukela ekumbeni i-ore ye-tin kuya kumkhiqizo wokugcina, osulungele ukusetshenziswa.
Ukumbiwa Kwensimbi Ene-Tin
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-tin iqala ngokumbiwa kwe-tin ore. I-tin ivame ukutholakala ngesimo se-cassiterite (SnO2), okuwumthombo oyinhloko we-tin. Ukumbiwa kwe-tin ore kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kanye nokumbiwa komhlaba.
1. Ukumba Imigodi Evulekile
Ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kwenziwa ezindaweni ezisele ze-ore eziseduze nomhlaba. Ngale ndlela, ungqimba lomhlabathi ngaphezu kwe-tin ore luyambiwa ukuze kuvele i-ore. Imishini esindayo njengemishini yokumba kanye nama-bulldozer isetshenziswa ukuphakamisa i-ore kanye nenhlabathi embozayo.
2. Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kwenziwa lapho amatshe angaphansi komhlaba etholakala ekujuleni komhlaba. Ngale ndlela, kwakheka imigudu nemigodi ukuze kufinyelelwe futhi kuthwalwe insimbi yethini iye phezulu.
Ukucutshungulwa kwe-Tin Ore
Uma i-tin ore isiyembiwe ngempumelelo, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukucubungula i-ore ukuze kutholakale i-tin metal emsulwa. Lokhu kucubungula kuhilela izigaba eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlushwa kwe-Ore
Ukuhlushwa kwe-ore kuhlose ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-tin kwe-ore nokuhlukanisa ukungcola. Le nqubo ivame ukwenziwa ngokuntanta noma ukudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ekudonsweni kwamandla adonsela phansi, i-ore iyachotshozwa bese igezwa ngamanzi ukuze ihlukanise izinhlayiya ezilula ku-cassiterite esindayo.
2. Ukomisa Nokugaya
Ngemva kokuhlushwa, i-tin ore iyomiswa bese igaywa ibe yimpuphu ecolekileyo ukuze kube lula ukuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa. Inqubo yokugaya iyasiza futhi ekuhlukaniseni i-cassiterite nokungcola.
3. Ukubekwa
Ngemva kokomiswa nokugaywa, i-ore ecebile ngethini yaqoqwa yafakwa esithandweni sokuncibilikisa ukuze kukhishwe ithini ku-cassiterite oxide yayo.
Inqubo Yokuncibilikisa
1. Ukunciphisa
I-ore ehlanganisiwe ifakwa esithandweni sokuncibilikisa. Phakathi nale nqubo, amalahle noma ezinye izinto zokunciphisa ziyangezwa ukuze kuncishiswe i-tin oxide ibe yi-metallic tin. Ukusabela okuvamile kungokulandelayo:
``
I-SnO2 + C → I-Sn + CO2
``
Le nqubo yokunciphisa ikhiqiza ithini elincibilikisiwe kanye ne-slag, okumele ihlukaniswe.
2. Ukuhlanzwa
Ukucwenga kwenziwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola okufana nensimbi, i-arsenic, kanye ne-antimony okungase kuhlale ethini elincibilikisiwe. Le nqubo ingabandakanya izindlela eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-vacuum distillation, i-electrolysis, noma ezinye izindlela zomzimba.
3. Ukuphrinta
Ngemva kwesigaba sokucwengisisa, ithini elincibilikisiwe lithelwa ezikhumbeni ukuze kwakhiwe imigoqo yethini noma ama-ingot. Lawa ma-ingot angathengiswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa noma acutshungulwe kabanzi njengoba kudingeka.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Tin Solder
1. Ukwenza Ama-alloy E-Tin
Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-solder, i-tin ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-lead, isiliva, noma ithusi. Okuqukethwe kwensimbi ngayinye kuncike ohlotsheni lwe-solder olufunwayo. Isibonelo, i-solder ye-tin-lead, evame ukusetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi, inomxube we-60/40, okusho i-60% tin kanye ne-40% lead. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-lead, abakhiqizi abaningi bashintshele ku-solder engenalo i-lead, evame ukuqukethe ingxube ye-tin, isiliva, kanye nethusi.
2. Ukuncibilikisa Nokuxuba
Ama-ingot e-tin kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe ziyancibilikiswa ndawonye esithandweni sokungenisa noma esithandweni sikagesi. Inqubo yokuncibilikisa iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe ziyancibilika kahle bese zakha ingxubevange efanayo. Ukuxuba kusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwengxenye ngayinye yensimbi kungxubevange yensimbi ehlanganisiwe.
3. Ukuphrinta Nokupholisa
Ingxubevange ye-solder encibilikisiwe ibe isibunjwa ibe yintambo noma induku. Inqubo yokubumba ivame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokukhipha noma indlela yokukhipha. Ngemva kokushiya isikhunta, i-solder ipholiswa ngokushesha ukuze iqine. Ukuma kokugcina kwe-solder kunqunywa ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyintambo, induku, noma i-paste.
4. Ukupakishwa Nokusatshalaliswa
Ngemva kokupholisa nokusika usayizi odingekayo, i-solder ipakishwa ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nezimo ukuze ithengiswe embonini ye-elekthronikhi nakwabanye abasebenzisi. Ukupakishwa okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-solder kuze kube yilapho isetshenziswa.
Izinzuzo ze-Tin ekushiseni nge-elekthronikhi
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-tin ekukhiqizweni kwe-solder kagesi kunezinzuzo eziningana eziyinhloko, okuhlanganisa:
1. Indawo Ephansi Yokuncibilika
I-Tin inezinga lokuncibilika eliphansi (232°C) okwenza ibe yindawo efanele inqubo yokunamathisela, njengoba ingadingi amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angalimaza izingxenye zikagesi.
2. Ukuqhuba Okuhle Kagesi Nokushisa
I-Tin iyisiqondisi esihle sikagesi nokushisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-solder joints asebenza kahle ekudluliseni izimpawu kanye namandla kagesi kumasekethe kagesi.
3. Amandla Okunamathela Aqinile
I-solder esekelwe ku-tin ikhiqiza amalunga aqinile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside, abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuthembekile kwamadivayisi kagesi.
Isiphetho
Inqubo yokukhiqiza insimbi yethini esetshenziswa ekusondweni kwe-elekthronikhi iwuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinyathelo ezidinga ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe nobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekumbeni i-ore yethini, ukucubungula, ukuncibilikisa, kuya ekukhiqizweni kwe-alloy ye-solder kanye nokubumba komkhiqizo wokugcina, isigaba ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-solder esezingeni eliphezulu ebaluleke kakhulu embonini ye-elekthronikhi. Ukuqonda kahle le nqubo kungaqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisebenza kahle futhi ezinobungani nemvelo, okwandisa izinzuzo kokubili embonini nakubathengi.
