Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Gallium Metal kubuchwepheshe be-Semiconductor
I-Gallium iyinsimbi engase izwakale ingajwayelekile kwabanye, kodwa idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ngasemuva kwezigcawu zama-smartphone, amanethiwekhi e-5G, izibani ze-LED, amaphaneli elanga, ngisho namadivayisi okuxhumana ngesathelayithi, i-gallium iyinto ebalulekile evumela amadivayisi e-semiconductor ukuthi asebenze ngokushesha, ngempumelelo, futhi amelane nezimo ezithile kunezinto zendabuko. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-gallium kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, ukuthi kungani le nto ibalulekile, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi.
Ukwazi i-gallium nezakhiwo zayo eziyisisekelo
I-Gallium (Ga) iyisakhi samakhemikhali esinenombolo ye-athomu engu-31. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele se-Gallium siyathakazelisa kakhulu: sinendawo yokuncibilika ephansi, cishe engu-29,7°C, okuvumela ukuthi incibilike esandleni ekushiseni komzimba. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezinto ezisebenza ngama-semiconductor, okubaluleke kakhulu akuyona le mpahla "yokuncibilika", kodwa kunalokho ikhono layo lokwenza ama-compound aqukethe i-semiconducting anezici ze-elekthronikhi nezokukhanya eziphakeme.
I-Gallium iyi-group 13 element (triel), futhi ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto ezifana ne-arsenic (As), i-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P), noma i-indium (In) ukuze kwakhiwe izinto ze-semiconductor ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-compound semiconductors. Lezi zinto zihlukile ku-silicon, okuyi-elemental semiconductor. Ama-compound semiconductors anikeza ijubane eliphezulu lama-electron, ukusebenza kahle kokukhishwa kokukhanya okungcono, kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kuma-frequency aphezulu.
I-Gallium njengesithako esiyinhloko kuma-semiconductor ahlanganisiwe
Kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, i-gallium ayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengensimbi emsulwa. Inani layo eliyinhloko lisezinhlayiyeni ezakhayo, ikakhulukazi:
1. I-Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
2. I-Gallium nitride (i-GaN)
3. I-Gallium phosfide (GaP)
4. I-Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
5. I-aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) kanye nama-alloy afanayo
Inhlanganisela ngayinye "inezinzuzo ezikhethekile" zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, kusukela kumadivayisi e-RF (imvamisa yomsakazo), ama-optoelectronics, kuya ekunikezeni amandla ama-electronics.
1) I-Gallium arsenide (GaAs): umgogodla we-RF kanye namadivayisi okuxhumana
Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-gallium njengengxenye ebalulekile ye-GaAs, into ye-semiconductor enokushukuma okuphezulu kwama-electron. Ukushukuma okuphezulu kwama-electron kusho ukuthi abathwali be-charge bangahamba ngokushesha kakhulu phakathi kwezinto, okuvumela amadivayisi ukuthi asebenze ngamaza aphezulu futhi ngomsindo ophansi kune-silicon kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivamile ze-GaAs:
- Isikhuthazi sesignali ye-RF kumaselula nakumadivayisi angenantambo
Amamojula amaningi e-power amplifier kuma-smartphone esizukulwane esidlule kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile zisebenzisa i-GaAs ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle ekukhuliseni amasignali omsakazo.
- Ukuxhumana kwe-radar kanye nesathelayithi
Amadivayisi asebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu njenge-radar, umsakazo we-microwave, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana zesathelayithi zidinga izinto ezizinzile nezisheshayo.
– Amadivayisi e-microwave kanye nama-millimeter-wave
I-GaAs isetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezisebenza kusukela ku-GHz kuya kumashumi e-GHz, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana kanye nezinzwa.
I-GaAs inezinzuzo ezibalulekile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-optical ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ze-bandgap ezisekela ukuguquguquka kwe-electron okuphumelelayo ukukhiqiza noma ukubamba ukukhanya kuma-wavelength athile.
2) I-Gallium nitride (GaN): uguquko emandleni kanye ne-5G
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, i-GaN ibe ngenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu embonini yesimanje ye-semiconductor. I-GaN inesikhala esikhulu, esiyenza isebenze kuma-voltage aphezulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye namasimu kagesi aqinile kune-silicon. Lokhu kwenza i-GaN ifaneleke kakhulu kuma-electronics anamandla kanye namadivayisi e-RF anamandla aphezulu.
Izicelo eziyinhloko ze-GaN:
- I-adaptha yokushaja okusheshayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla okusebenzayo
Amashaja asekelwe ku-GaN angenziwa abe mancane futhi abe lula ngoba ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kunciphisa ukushisa futhi kuvumela imiklamo enemvamisa yokushintsha ephezulu.
- Ama-inverter kanye nama-power converter
I-GaN isiqala ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zezimoto, izikhungo zedatha, kanye nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla.
- Amadivayisi e-RF e-4G/5G
Eziteshini eziyisisekelo ze-5G, i-GaN ikhethwa kabanzi ngoba iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla aphezulu e-RF ngokusebenza kahle okuhle, okubaluleke kakhulu ebangeni lokudlulisa kanye nokuzinza.
Kalula nje, i-GaN isiza amadivayisi ukuthi asebenze “ngamandla amakhulu” kodwa ahlale esebenza kahle, ukuze amandla achithekayo njengokushisa angancishiswa.
3) I-Gallium kuma-LED kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa besimanje
Uma kukhulunywa ngama-LED amhlophe asetshenziswa ekukhanyiseni kwasekhaya, ezikrinini zefoni ephathekayo, noma ezibanini zezimoto, i-gallium idlala indima ebalulekile. Izinto ezifana ne-InGaN (indium gallium nitride) ziyisihluthulelo sokukhiqiza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza okunamandla aphezulu. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungahlanganiswa nama-phosphor ukukhiqiza ama-LED amhlophe.
Umphumela wokusebenzisa i-gallium kuma-LED:
– Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu kunezibani ze-incandescent noma ze-fluorescent
– Impilo yesevisi ende ngoba ama-LED ayizingxenye zesimo esiqinile
- Ikhwalithi yokukhanya engcono kanye nokulawulwa kombala ezikrinini kanye nokukhanya kokuhlobisa
Ngaphandle kwama-semiconductor asekelwe ku-gallium, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-LED esimanje ngabe kuhamba kancane kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhanyisa kwamanje kungenzeka kungabi phezulu njengoba kunjalo namuhla.
4) I-Gallium yamaseli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu
I-Gallium ibalulekile nakubuchwepheshe bamaseli elanga—ikakhulukazi amaseli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu asetshenziswa kumasathelayithi noma kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile. Esinye sezibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwama-GaAs kanye nama-alloy awo, njenge-InGaP/GaAs/Ge, kumaseli elanga anezinkundla eziningi.
Kungani i-gallium ilungele amaseli athile elanga?
- Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu
- Ukumelana nemisebe, kubalulekile ezindaweni zasemkhathini
– Kuzinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokukhanya okukhulu
Amaseli elanga e-silicon anamandla okusetshenziswa ngobuningi ngenxa yezindleko zawo zokukhiqiza eziphansi, kodwa amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-gallium avelele ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu, njengeziphuphutheki, izindiza zasemkhathini, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zempi.
5) I-Gallium kuma-laser diode kanye nokuxhumana kwe-optical
Ama-compounds afana ne-AlGaAs kanye ne-InGaN asetshenziswa kuma-laser diode ezinhlobonhlobo zamaza. Ama-laser diode ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ku:
– Abadlali be-Optical kanye nesitoreji (kubuchwepheshe obuthile)
- Izinhlelo zokulinganisa zezimboni kanye nezinzwa
- Ukuxhumana okubonakalayo okufushane
– Imishini yezokwelapha kanye namathuluzi elebhu
Ama-laser asekelwe ku-semiconductor adinga izinto ezikwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya kahle nangokuzinzile. I-Gallium idlala indima ebalulekile ngoba ingakha izakhiwo ze-heterojunction ezisekela ukukhulisa ukukhanya okusebenzayo (i-lasing).
Kungani kungabi yi-silicone kuphela?
I-Silicon isalokhu iyinkosi yama-IC edijithali afana nama-processor kanye nememori ngenxa yesistimu yayo yokukhiqiza evuthiwe, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngezidingo ezithile—njengemvamisa yomsakazo ephezulu, ukukhishwa kokukhanya okusebenzayo, noma ukushintsha kwamandla kagesi aphezulu—izinto ezisekelwe ku-gallium zivame ukuba ngcono.
Ngokufigqiwe:
- Ama-GaA ahamba phambili ngesivinini kanye ne-RF
– I-GaN ihamba phambili ngamandla aphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushintsha.
– I-InGaN/GaN iphumelela kakhulu kuma-LED nakwamanye ama-optoelectronics
Izinselele zokusebenzisa i-gallium embonini
Naphezu kokusebenza kwayo, i-gallium nayo inezinselele:
– Ukutholakala kanye nochungechunge lokuhlinzeka: i-gallium ngokuvamile ingumkhiqizo ongaphansi kwe-bauxite (aluminium) noma ukucutshungulwa kwe-zinc, ngakho ukutholakala kwayo kuncike kwezinye izimboni.
– Izindleko ze-wafer kanye nokukhiqiza: Ama-wafer e-GaAs noma e-GaN ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu kune-wafer ye-silicon.
– Ukuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe be-silicon: ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezisekelwe ku-gallium nezisekelo ze-silicon kudinga amasu okupakisha nokuklama ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, izitayela zamanje zibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-semiconductor asekelwe ku-gallium kuyaqhubeka nokukhula njengoba isidingo sokusebenzisa kahle amandla kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi enkathini ye-5G, izimoto zikagesi, kanye nezikhungo zedatha.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-Gallium kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor kubanzi futhi kungamasu. Ngama-compounds afana ne-GaAs ne-GaN, i-gallium ivumela amadivayisi e-RF asebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu, ama-LED asebenzisa amandla kahle, ama-laser diode, kanye nama-converter kagesi anamuhla asebenza kahle kakhulu. I-Gallium iphinde idlale indima kumaseli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu esikhala kanye nezicelo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu. Naphezu kwezinselelo zezindleko kanye nochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa, isidingo semboni sezinto ze-semiconductor ezisebenza kahle kakhulu senza i-gallium ibe yinto ebalulekile esisekelweni sobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi bamanje nobesikhathi esizayo.
Uma ungathanda, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesitayela sobungcweti (esinezingcaphuno), isitayela esidumile samabhulogi, noma inguqulo ende enezigatshana ezinikezelwe ku-GaN zamashaja asheshayo kanye ne-5G.
