Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali Zezinto Zokuguquka
Izinto ezishintshayo ziyizinto zamakhemikhali ezitholakala ku-d-block yethebula lesimanje le-periodic, kusukela eqenjini lesi-3 kuya eqenjini le-12. Zihlala phakathi kwethebula le-periodic, kufaka phakathi izinto ezifana ne-titanium (Ti), insimbi (Fe), i-nickel (Ni), ithusi (Cu), isiliva (Ag), negolide (Au). Zaziwa ngamakhono azo amaningi kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi ezimbonini ezahlukene, izinto ezishintshayo zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile nezithakazelisayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezishintshayo, indima yazo ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene, kanye nethonya lazo emhlabeni we-chemistry.
1. Ukuba khona kwama-electron e-d
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezinto eziguqukayo ukuba khona kwama-d-electron angaphelele noma agcwaliswe kancane emazingeni awo angaphandle kwamandla. Lokhu kuphumela ezicini ezahlukahlukene ezihlukile ezingatholakali kwezinye izinto. Into ngayinye eguqukayo inokwakheka kwe-electron okuhlukile, okuthinta ngqo izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali njengokuqina kwesimo se-oxidation kanye nokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Isibonelo, ama-ion e-Fe²⁺ kanye ne-Fe³⁺ ensimbini, kanye nama-ion e-Cu⁺ kanye ne-Cu²⁺ ethusini, abonisa uhla olubanzi lwezimo ze-oxidation ezingazamukela izakhi zoguquko. Lokhu kunikeza ukuguquguquka kokusabela kwamakhemikhali, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-compounds anezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene.
2. Izakhiwo Zokuncishiswa Kwe-Oxidation kanye Nokunciphisa
Izinto eziguqukayo zaziwa ngokuthambekela kwazo kokubonisa uhla olubanzi lwezimo ze-oxidation. Lokhu futhi kuwumphumela wokucushwa kwazo kwe-d-electron, okuvumela ukuthi zilahlekelwe noma zithole ama-electron kalula. Lolu hlu olubanzi lwezimo ze-oxidation lunikeza izinto eziguqukayo ikhono lokubamba iqhaza kuhlu olubanzi lwezimpendulo ze-redox.
Isibonelo, i-manganese (i-Mn) ingatholakala ezimweni ezahlukene ze-oxidation, kusukela ku-+2 kuya ku-+7. Ngayinye yalezi zimo ze-oxidation ibonisa izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezahlukene futhi ivumela i-manganese ukuthi ihlanganyele ekusabeleni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-redox, njengase- photosynthesis emvelweni kanye nokusabela kwe-catalytic embonini.
3. Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi
Ikhono lezinsimbi zokuguquguquka ukwakha ama-complexes okuhlanganisa lingenye yezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali eziphawuleka kakhulu. Ama-ion ensimbi yokuguquguquka anomkhuba omkhulu wokuheha ama-ligand ahlukene, angama-molecule noma ama-ion anama-electron amabili anganikelwa ku-ion yensimbi, ukuze akhe ama-compounds ayinkimbinkimbi.
Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo nezezimboni. Isibonelo, i-hemoglobin egazini iyinkimbinkimbi yensimbi ebopha umoya-mpilo, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwayo kuwo wonke umzimba. Ezimbonini, ama-catalyst asekelwe ensimbini yokuguquguquka njenge-platinum ezinqubweni zokuguqula i-catalytic adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha namanye amakhemikhali.
4. Umbala kanye ne-Magneticism
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo nezikazibuthe zezinsimbi zoguquko nazo zihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ziyathakazelisa. Imibala ehlukile yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ensimbi yoguquko iwumphumela wokucushwa kwama-d-electron awo nendlela asebenzisana ngayo nokukhanya. Ukushintsha kwama-electron phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene e-d-energy kuphumela ekumuncweni kokukhanya kuma-wavelength athile, okunikeza ama-compound awo imibala yawo eyingqayizivele.
I-Magnetism ingenye imfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ezinye izakhi zokuguquka, njenge-iron, i-cobalt (Co), kanye ne-nickel, ziyi-ferromagnetic, okusho ukuthi zingaba ne-magnetization futhi zigcine i-magnetization yazo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Le mfanelo ivumela ukuthi zisetshenziswe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe, njengokukhiqiza ama-motor kagesi, ama-generator, kanye namadivayisi okugcina idatha.
5. I-Catalyst
Indima yezinto ezishintshayo njengezinto ezithuthukisayo ayinakunakwa. Izinto ezithuthukisayo zensimbi ezishintshayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusheshiseni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokuguqulwa unomphela kule nqubo. Umsebenzi wokuvuselela wezinsimbi ezishintshayo ubalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa nezimboni ze-petrochemical kanye nezamakhemisi.
Isibonelo, enqubweni ye-Haber-Bosch yokwenziwa kwe-ammonia, insimbi isetshenziswa njengesikhuthazi sokusheshisa ukusabela phakathi kwe-nitrogen ne-hydrogen. Kule nqubo, ukuba khona kwama-d-electron angabhangqiwe ensimbini kuvumela ukusebenzisana okuthile nama-molecule e-reactant, kusheshiswe izinga lokusabela futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwawo.
6. Inala kanye Nokuthengeka
Nakuba izakhi zokuguquka zivame ukuba yivelakancane kunezakhi ze-s- kanye ne-p-block, eziningi zazo zitholakala ngobuningi obanele oqweqweni loMhlaba ukuze zisetshenziswe kabanzi. Insimbi, isibonelo, ingenye yezinsimbi eziningi kakhulu eMhlabeni futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni nasekwenzeni insimbi.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izakhi ezifana ne-platinum ne-palladium azivamile kakhulu futhi sezibe yigugu kakhulu ngenxa yokungatholakali kwazo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi ezisetshenziswayo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengezinto zokulungisa izimoto kanye nezinto zikagesi.
7. Ithonya Kwezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele zezinto eziguqukayo ziye zavula indlela yokuthola izinto eziningi kanye nentuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-electron spectroscopy, inqubo esetshenziswa ukutadisha isakhiwo se-athomu kanye nesamangqamuzana, kuncike kakhulu ezimpahleni zokuguquka kwama-electron ezinsimbini eziguqukayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubuchwepheshe be-nanotechnology, izinhlayiya zensimbi ezishintshayo ezifana negolide nesiliva zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisukela ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha kuya ezinzwa zamakhemikhali. Izakhiwo ezihlukile zokukhanya neze-elekthronikhi zalezi zinhlayiya ze-nano zinikeza izixazululo ezintsha zezinselele zesimanje kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo.
8. Izinselele Zemvelo Nokucatshangelwa
Naphezu kwezakhiwo zazo eziningi ezinhle, ukukhishwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zokuguquka nakho kudala izinselele zemvelo. Ukumba izinsimbi zokuguquka kungabangela umonakalo ezindaweni zemvelo zendawo kanye nokungcola. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kanye nezindlela zokumba eziqhubekayo kubalulekile ekusekeleni ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza okungenangozi emvelweni.
Isiphetho
Izinto eziguqukayo ziyiqembu lezinto ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zamakhemikhali. Kusukela ekhonweni lazo lokubonisa izimo ezahlukahlukene ze-oxidation, zakha ama-complex, futhi zisebenze njengezinto ezibangela ukwakheka kwezinto, zidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zamakhemikhali nezobuchwepheshe. Naphezu kwezinselele zemvelo ezibhekene nokukhishwa kwazo nokusetshenziswa kwazo, amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziguqukayo akunakubhekwa njengento ephansi.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo olwengeziwe lokuqonda izakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba kuzoqhubeka nokwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuphumelelayo futhi kube nomthelela omuhle empucukweni yabantu. Izinsimbi eziguqukayo, nazo zonke izici zazo ezihlukile, zihlala ziphakathi kwemizamo yesayensi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.
