Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali E-Organophosphate
Ama-Organophosphate compounds ayiqembu lama-chemical compounds aqukethe i-phosphorus (P) athomu ehlanganiswe neqembu le-organic (elisekelwe ku-carbon). Leli qembu laziwa kabanzi ngendima yalo ebalulekile kwezolimo, empilweni yomphakathi, kanye nasezimbonini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-organophosphates asiza ekwandiseni umkhiqizo wokudla ngokulawula izinambuzane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye ama-organophosphates anobuthi obukhulu kubantu kanye nasemvelweni uma esetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqapha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-organophosphates, izinzuzo zawo, kanye nezingozi kanye nezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulawula.
Ziyini izinhlanganisela ze-organophosphate?
Ngokuvamile, ama-organophosphate afaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-acid e-phosphoric, phosphonic, kanye ne-phosphorothioic, anezinhlobo ezahlukene zesakhiwo ezithinta izakhiwo zawo zomzimba nezobuthi. Ama-organophosphate amaningi asebenza ngokuthinta uhlelo lwezinzwa lwezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuvimbela i-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase. Le enzyme iphula i-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter edlulisela izimpawu kuwo wonke ama-synapses ezinzwa. Lapho i-enzyme ivinjiwe, i-acetylcholine iyaqoqana futhi ibangele ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwezinzwa, okungabangela ukukhubazeka kokuphefumula ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Nakuba le ndlela ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate, akuzona zonke i-organophosphate ezisetshenziswa njengezibulala-zinambuzane. Ezinye zisetshenziswa futhi njengezinyibilikisi, izithasiselo, ama-plasticizer, kanye nezixhumi ezinqubweni zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-organophosphate kwezolimo
Ukusetshenziswa okudume kakhulu kwama-organophosphates njengemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, izinto ezisetshenziswa ukubulala noma ukulawula izinambuzane eziwuhlupho. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ama-organophosphates abe yindlela ehlukile yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside emvelweni. Ama-organophosphates avame ukubola ngokushesha kunezinye izinhlobo zama-organochlorine, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezinsalela zemvelo uma ziphathwa kahle.
Kwezolimo, ama-organophosphate asetshenziselwa:
1. Lawula izinambuzane ezidla amaqabunga neziqu ezifana nezibungu, ama-aphid, kanye nezinambuzane ezimuncayo.
2. Ukuvikela isivuno sezitshalo zokudla (irayisi, ummbila), ukulima (imifino, izithelo), kanye namasimu (ikhofi, i-cocoa).
3. Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvuna ekugcinweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, yize ukusetshenziswa kule ndawo kuqhubeka nokuba nzima ngenxa yezinkinga zezinsalela.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yama-organophosphate kwezolimo ukusebenza kwawo ngokumelene nezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane kanye nokunciphisa kwawo ngokushesha inani lezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, inselelo enkulu ivela ekuthuthukisweni okungenzeka kokumelana nezinambuzane uma kusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokushintshanisa izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokusebenzisa i-Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezempilo yomphakathi
Ngaphandle kwezolimo, ama-organophosphate asetshenziswa futhi ukulawula izinambuzane ezithwala izifo, njengomiyane abathwala umkhuhlane we-dengue, umalaleveva, noma i-filariasis. Ezifweni eziqubukayo, izibulala-zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa njengenkungu noma ukufafaza okusele ezindaweni ezithile.
Nakuba kusebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala kudinga ukuqaphela okwengeziwe ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini njengezinsana, izingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nabantu asebekhulile. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kumele kulandele iziqondiso ezisemthethweni, isilinganiso esifanele, kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-organophosphate embonini
Ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kusetshenziswa ama-organophosphate compounds amaningana ezinqubweni zezimboni, okuhlanganisa nalokhu:
– Izithasiselo zokugcoba ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nokumelana nokushisa.
– Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ezintweni ezithile ze-polymer.
– I-Plasticizer yokwandisa ukuguquguquka kwepulasitiki.
– Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokwenziwa ekukhiqizweni kweminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa izithako zemithi kanye nama-reagent akhethekile.
Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezimboni akuhlali kuhlotshaniswa nezindlela zokuvimbela i-acetylcholinesterase, njengoba kunjalo ngezibulala-zinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kusadingeka ngoba amanye ama-organophosphate ezimboni angaba yingozi, abe nobuthi, noma abe nomthelela ongaba khona emvelweni.
Izingozi zempilo ezivela ekuchayekeni kwe-organophosphate
Ukuchayeka kuma-organophosphates kungenzeka ngokuphefumula, ukuthintana nesikhumba, noma ngokugwinya. Ingozi incike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwenhlanganisela, ukuhlushwa, isikhathi sokuchayeka, kanye nesimo sempilo somuntu.
Izimpawu zokuchayeka ngokushesha zingabandakanya:
- ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza
- ukujuluka ngokweqile, ukwanda kwamathe
- ukuphelelwa umoya, ukukhwehlela, ubuhlungu besifuba
– ukubona okufiphele, ukuquleka ezimweni ezinzima
Uma ubhekene nokutheleleka okukhulu, lesi simo singaqhubekela ekuhlulekeni kokuphefumula okusongela ukuphila. Okwamanje, ukutheleleka okungapheli (ukutheleleka okuncane okuphindaphindiwe isikhathi eside) kusalokhu kuyinkathazo ngoba kungahlotshaniswa nezinkinga zezinzwa, ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo kahle, kanye neminye imiphumela yezempilo, yize ubufakazi kanye nezinga lengozi kungahluka kumakhemikhali ngamunye.
Ngakho-ke, izisebenzi ezivame ukuxhumana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate—njengabalimi, izifutho, izisebenzi zokugcina izibulala-zinambuzane—zidinga ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kanye nokuhlolwa kwempilo njalo noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
Umthelela wemvelo kanye nokuphepha kokudla
Emvelweni, ama-organophosphate angangcolisa inhlabathi namanzi ngokusebenzisa ngokweqile, ukulahla imfucuza ngendlela engafanele, noma ukugeleza kwamanzi avela endaweni yezolimo ngesikhathi semvula. Lawa ma-compound angathinta izinto eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe njengezinambuzane ezithutha impova, izinhlanzi, nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha kokudla, izinsalela ze-organophosphate emikhiqizweni yezolimo ziyinkinga ebalulekile. Imithethonqubo ivame ukumisa iMikhawulo Yezinsalela Eziphezulu (ama-MRL) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla kuphephile ukudliwa. Ukugcina isikhathi sangaphambi kokuvuna ngemva kokufutha kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe izinsalela zibe amazinga amukelekayo.
Izimiso zokusebenzisa okuphephile nokunesibopho
Ukuze uthole izinzuzo ze-organophosphates ngaphandle kokufaka izingozi ezinkulu, lezi zimiso ezilandelayo zibalulekile:
1. Landela ilebula kanye nomthamo onconywayo.
Ungakhulisi umthamo uma ucabanga ukuthi imiphumela ingcono. Ukweqisa umthamo kwandisa ingozi yobuthi kanye nezinsalela.
2. Sebenzisa Izinto Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (i-PPE)
Okungenani kuhlanganisa amagilavu, imaski/i-respirator efanele, izibuko zokuzivikela, ihembe elinemikhono emide, kanye nezicathulo ezivaliwe.
3. Naka isiqondiso somoya kanye nezimo zezulu
Ukufutha ngesikhathi somoya onamandla kwandisa ukukhukhuleka (okuthwalwa umoya) kwezinye izindawo, okuhlanganisa imithombo yamanzi noma izindawo zokuhlala.
4. Gcina futhi ulahle ukupakisha kahle
Izibulala-zinambuzane kufanele zigcinwe kude nokudla futhi zingafinyeleleki ezinganeni. Ukupakisha akufanele kusetshenziswe futhi futhi kufanele kulahlwe ngokwemithetho yendawo.
5. Sebenzisa Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM)
Beka phambili ukuqapha izinambuzane, ukushintshaniswa kwezitha ezisebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezitha zemvelo, kanye nemikhuba yokulima ecindezela ukwanda kwezinambuzane. Izibulala-zinambuzane ziyindlela yokugcina futhi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokukhetha.
6. Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemfundo yabasebenzisi
Izehlakalo eziningi zokuthi umuntu afakwe ubuthi zenzeka ngenxa yokushoda kolwazi. Ukuqeqeshwa ngokuxuba, ukufutha, kanye nosizo lokuqala kuyasiza kakhulu.
Iziqondiso zenqubomgomo kanye nezinye izindlela
Emazweni amaningi, imithethonqubo ye-organophosphates iya ngokuya iba nzima. Ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ziye zavinjelwa noma zavinjelwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngemiphumela yezempilo kanye nemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ucwaningo luqhubekela phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethiwe kakhulu, ukwakheka okuphephile, kanye nezindlela ezingezona ezamakhemikhali njengokulawula izinto eziphilayo, izicupho ze-pheromone, kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingamelani nezinambuzane.
Kodwa-ke, ukushintshela kwezinye izindlela kudinga ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo, ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe, kanye nokwelulekwa kwabalimi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehla kokukhiqiza. Empeleni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-organophosphate kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme, ukutholakala kwayo, kanye nokusebenza kwayo kahle.
Isiphetho
Ama-Organophosphate compounds adlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekulawuleni izinambuzane zezolimo kanye nezifo ezibangelwa yizifo, kanye nasezisetshenzisweni eziningana zezimboni. Nakuba izinzuzo zawo zicacile ekusekeleni ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nempilo yomphakathi, nawo athwala izingozi ezinkulu uma kwenzeka ukuchayeka okungalawuleki. Isihluthulelo ukusebenzisa umthamo ofanele, ukusebenzisa i-PPE efanele, ukunamathela esikhathini sokulinda, nokusebenzisa i-IPM ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngendlela enomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nomthetho oqinile, ama-organophosphate angasetshenziswa ngokuphephile kakhulu ngenkathi esavikela abantu kanye nemvelo.
