I-Pengantar
Amakhemikhali e-organic ahlukene kakhulu futhi anezindlela eziningi zokusetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene. Amakilasi amabili abalulekile amakhemikhali e-organic yi-aldehydes nama-ketone. Womabili angama-carbonyl derivatives, okusho ukuthi aqukethe iqembu elisebenzayo le-carbonyl (C=O). Leli qembu lisabela kakhulu futhi lidlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zamakhemikhali. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-aldehydes nama-ketone emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela embonini kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha.
I-Aldehyde
Ama-aldehyde aqukethe i-athomu yekhabhoni ehlanganiswe neqembu le-hydroxyl (H) kanye neqembu le-carbonyl (C=O). Uchungechunge olujwayelekile yi-R-CHO, lapho i-R ingaba yiqembu le-alkyl noma le-aryl. Elinye lama-aldehyde aziwa kakhulu yi-formaldehyde (HCHO), enezinhlobo ezahlukene zezicelo ezibalulekile.
1. Imboni Yamakhemikhali Nepulasitiki
I-Formaldehyde iyinto eluhlaza eyinhloko ekukhiqizweni kwama-resin e-formaldehyde (njenge-urea-formaldehyde, i-phenol-formaldehyde, kanye ne-melamine-formaldehyde). Lawa ma-resin asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki, izinamathiselo, izembozo, kanye nezinto zokwakha ezifana ne-plywood kanye ne-particleboard.
2. Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo
Kwezokwelapha, i-formaldehyde isetshenziswa njengesivikelo kanye nesithako. Umsebenzi wayo ukuvimbela ukubola kwezicubu zezinto eziphilayo, okwenza kube usizo kakhulu ekulondolozeni izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezidumbu.
3. Izibulali-magciwane kanye Nezibulala-magciwane
I-Formaldehyde futhi inezakhiwo ezinamandla zokulwa namagciwane, okwenza isebenze njengesibulala-magciwane. Izixazululo ze-formalin (i-formaldehyde encibilikiswe emanzini) zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane imishini yezokwelapha kanye nezindawo zelebhu.
4. Imboni Yezimonyo
Enye i-aldehyde esetshenziswa njalo yi-benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO). Le nhlanganisela isetshenziswa embonini yezimonyo njenge-ejenti yephunga nokunambitheka. Iphunga layo elimnandi, elifana nelama-alimondi, lenza ithandwe ekukhiqizweni kwezimonyo namakha ahlukahlukene.
5. Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakha Nokunambitheka
Ama-aldehyde afana ne-vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukunambitheka namaphunga. I-Vanillin iyisakhi esiyinhloko se-vanilla extract, esetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eyahlukahlukene yokudla neziphuzo. I-Phenylethanal, enephunga lezimbali, isetshenziswa futhi embonini yamakha.
I-Keton
I-ketone iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo equkethe iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elihlanganiswe namaqembu amabili e-alkyl noma e-aryl. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile yi-R-CO-R'. Enye yama-ketone aziwa kakhulu yi-acetone (CH3COCH3).
1. Izinyibilikisi Embonini
I-Acetone iyisinyibilikisi esibaluleke kakhulu sezimboni. Izakhiwo zayo eziguquguqukayo nezine-polar kancane zenza ukuthi iphumelele ekuncibilikiseni izinhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali e-organic. I-Acetone ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki, imicu yokwenziwa, namanye amakhemikhali.
2. Imikhiqizo Yezempilo Nobuhle
Embonini yezimonyo, i-acetone isetshenziswa njengomuthi wokususa i-nail polish ngenxa yekhono layo lokuncibilikisa i-shellac (i-polymer eyakha ifilimu). Iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yokuhlanza kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokunakekela isikhumba.
3. Ukwenziwa Kwamakhemikhali Amakhemikhali
I-Acetone isetshenziswa futhi njengento yokuqala ekuhlanganisweni kwamanye amakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ingaguqulwa ibe yi-isopropyl alcohol ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-hydrogenation. Amanye ama-ketone, njenge-methylisobutylketone (MIBK), nawo asetshenziswa njengezixazululo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali.
4. Izicelo Embonini Yokudla
Amanye ama-ketone asetshenziswa njengezithasiselo embonini yokudla. Isibonelo, i-diethyl ketone (DEK) isetshenziswa njengesithako ekukhiqizeni izinongo zokudla kanye nezinto zokufaka imibala.
5. Izicelo Zemithi
Ama-Ketone avame ukubandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwemithi. Ama-Ketone afana ne-acetophenone asetshenziswa njengezinto zokuqala ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene emithi, okuhlanganisa ama-anti-inflammatory kanye nama-analgesic agents.
Ukusabela Okubalulekile
Kokubili ama-aldehyde nama-ketone ahlanganyela ezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, izindlela zokusabela kwe-aldol condensation, ezibandakanya i-aldehyde noma i-ketone reactant nenye i-carbonyl compound, zibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezibopho ezintsha ze-carbon-carbon. Izinto ezitholakalayo (i-β-hydroxy aldehydes noma ama-ketone) zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ezinto eziphilayo.
Isiphetho
Ama-aldehyde nama-ketone ayizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezisabela kakhulu futhi eziguquguqukayo. Kusukela ezimbonini zamakhemikhali nezamapulasitiki kuya ezimonyweni, kwezokwelapha, ngisho nasezimbonini zokudla nezemithi, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamakhemikhali zidlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuba khona kwamaqembu e-carbonyl asabelayo ezakhiweni zawo zama-molecule kuzenza zibe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukene zokwenziwa kanye nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni kubonisa ukungakwazi ukushintshwa kwalezi zigaba ezimbili zamakhemikhali ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yanamuhla.
