Izifo Ezivamile Ezihlasela Izitshalo Ze-Citrus
Izitshalo ze-citrus, okuhlanganisa ama-oranges, ulamula, ama-lime, nama-grapefruit, ziyaziswa ngezimbali zazo ezinephunga elimnandi kanye nezithelo ezinongiwe. Lezi zitshalo, ezivame ukutholakala ezingadini zasekhaya nasezindaweni zezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke, ngeshwa zisengozini yezifo ezahlukahlukene ezingathinta ukukhula kwazo, ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo, kanye nempilo iyonke. Ukuqaphela nokuphatha lezi zifo kubalulekile ekugcineni izitshalo ze-citrus ziphilile. Ngezansi kunezinye zezifo ezivame kakhulu ezihlasela izitshalo ze-citrus.
1. I-Citrus Canker
I-Citrus canker yisifo esithathelwanayo kakhulu esibangelwa yi-Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Sibonakala njengezilonda eziphakeme, eziqinile emaqabunga, eziqwini, nasezithelo. Lezi zilonda zizungezwe umbala ophuzi, okwenza lesi sifo sibe lula ukusibona. Izithelo ezithelelekile zivame ukuwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukuhlanzeka: Hlanza amathuluzi nemishini njalo ukuze ugweme ukusabalalisa amagciwane.
– Izinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo: Tshala izinhlobo zezithelo ezisawolintshi ezimelana nezifo uma zitholakala.
– Izifutho Zethusi: Ukusebenzisa ama-bactericides asekelwe kuthusi kungasiza ekulawuleni ukusabalala kwe-citrus canker.
– Ukuvalelwa: Ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuvalelwa kwezitshalo ezintsha kungaba yimpumelelo ekuvimbeleni ukungeniswa kwalesi sifo ezindaweni ezingathelelekile.
2. I-Huanglongbing (HLB) noma i-Citrus Greening
I-Huanglongbing, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-citrus greening, ibangelwa yigciwane (i-Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) futhi isakazwa yi-Asian citrus psyllid (i-Diaphorina citri). Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukuphuzi kwamaqabunga, isithelo esingalingani esivame ukuba muncu futhi esingathengiswa, kanye nokuwa kwezithelo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukuphathwa kwe-Psyllid: Sebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezilawuli zezinto eziphilayo ukulawula inani le-psyllid.
– Ukususwa Kwezihlahla: Izihlahla ezithelelekile kufanele zisuswe futhi zibhujiswe ngempumelelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwesifo.
– Izinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo: Cwaninga futhi utshale izinhlobo zezithelo ezimelana ne-HLB.
– Ukuhlola: Sebenzisa izikrini ze-mesh ukuvikela izitshalo ezincane ezifweni ze-psyllid.
3. Ukubola Kwezimpande zePhytophthora kanye neGummosis
Ukubola kwezimpande ze-Phytophthora kanye ne-gummosis kubangelwa izinhlobo zesikhunta samanzi. I-Phytophthora. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukubola kwezimpande, ukugoba kwesiqu nasemagatsheni, ukuphuzi kwamaqabunga, kanye nokufa. Izihlahla zingase zibonise ukukhula okulimele kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezithelo okubi.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukumunca Okuhle: Qinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi inomunca omuhle ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi amile azungeze izimpande.
– Ukunisela Okufanele: Gwema ukunisela ngokweqile, bese usebenzisa izinhlelo zokunisela ngamaconsi ukuze ugcine amanzi kude nesiqu.
– Imithi yokubulala isikhunta: Sebenzisa imithi yokubulala isikhunta efanele njengendlela yokuvimbela noma ukuphendula izimpawu zokuqala.
– Izimpande Ezimelana Nezifo: Sebenzisa izimpande ezimelana ne-Phytophthora ukuze uhlanganise.
4. Ibala Elimnyama Le-Citrus
Ibala elimnyama le-citrus libangelwa yi-fungus i-Guignardia citricarpa. Likhiqiza izilonda ezimnyama ezihlukile esithelweni, zizungezwe yindandatho empunga noma ensundu. Amaqabunga neziqu nakho kungathinteka. Ukutheleleka okukhulu kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezithelo.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithi Yokubulala Isikhunta: Ukufutha ngemithi yokubulala isikhunta njalo kungasiza ekulawuleni isikhunta.
– Ukuhlanzeka: Susa futhi ubhubhise izithelo ezithelelekile namaqabunga awile ukuze unciphise umthombo wezinhlamvu zesikhunta.
– Ukuqapha: Hlola njalo izihlahla ukuze uthole izimpawu zokuqala zokutheleleka.
5. Isikhumba seCitrus
Isikhumba se-citrus, esibangelwa isikhunta i-Elsinoe fawcettii, sithinta kakhulu amaqabunga amancane nezithelo. Sibonakala njengezilonda ezifana ne-corky, ezifana nezinhlungu ezingabangela umonakalo omkhulu wobuhle ezithelo, okwenza zingathengiswa kakhulu.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Imithi Yokubulala Isikhunta: Faka imithi yokuvimbela ukhunta, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zemvula.
– Izinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo: Sebenzisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimelana nezifo ukuze unciphise ukuzwela.
– Ukuthena: Thena izitshalo ezithelelekile ukuze unciphise ukusabalala kwezifo.
6. I-Alternaria Brown Spot
Ibala elinsundu le-Alternaria libangelwa yisikhunta i-Alternaria alternata. Lithinta kakhulu amaqabunga amancane, amagatsha, nezithelo ezingavuthiwe. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi amabala ansundu, afiphele azungezwe yi-halo ephuzi emaqabunga, kanye nezilonda ezinsundu noma ezimnyama esithelweni.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukwelashwa Nge-fungicide: Faka ama-fungicide ngezikhathi zokukhula okubalulekile ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.
– Izinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo: Izinhlobo zezithelo ezimelana nezitshalo.
– Ukuthena Okufanele: Susa izicubu ezithelelekile ukuze unciphise amazinga okugonywa.
7. I-Melanosis
I-Melanose, ebangelwa yi-fungus i-Diaporthe citri, ithinta amaqabunga, amagatsha, kanye nezithelo zezitshalo ze-citrus. Ibonakala ngezilonda ezincane, ezimnyama, eziphakanyisiwe ezingahlangana futhi zibe yi-corky. I-Melanose ivame ukwenzeka ezihlahleni ezindala noma lezo ezibuthakathaka ezinye izingcindezi.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Izifutho Zokubulala Isikhunta: Sebenzisa izifutho zokubulala isikhunta ukuvikela amaqabunga amancane nezithelo.
– Ukuhlanzeka: Sika bese ususa ukhuni olufile kanye nezinto zezitshalo ezithelelekile.
– Ukushintshaniswa Kwezitshalo: Gwema ukutshala izihlahla ezintsha ze-citrus ezindaweni ezinomlando we-melanose.
8. I-Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
Igciwane le-Citrus tristeza liyisifo esibangelwa yigciwane esisakazwa yi-aphid, ikakhulukazi i-brown citrus aphid (i-Toxoptera citricida). Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukuhla kwemithambo emaqabungeni, ukuqhekeka kwesiqu, ukuqhekeka kwamaqabunga, kanye nokwehla kwesihlahla. Amacala amakhulu angaholela ekufeni kwesihlahla.
Ukuvimbela Nokulawula:
– Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Ezingangenwa Ama-Aphid: Sebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezilawuli zezinto eziphilayo ukulawula ukwanda kwezinambuzane ezingangenwa ama-aphid.
– Izimpande Ezimelana Nezifo: Zixhunyelelwa ezisekelweni zezimpande ezimelana ne-CTV.
– Ukuqapha: Hlola njalo izihlahla ukuze ubone izimpawu futhi uphathe noma yikuphi ukuqubuka kwezifo ngempumelelo.
Isiphetho
Ukuphatha izifo ezitshalweni ze-citrus kudinga inhlanganisela yemikhuba emihle yokulima, ukuqapha njalo, kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali uma kudingeka. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuhlonza izifo ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekuphathweni okuphumelelayo. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okuphatha izinambuzane nezifo ahlanganisiwe, abalimi be-citrus banganciphisa umthelela walezi zifo ezivamile, baqinisekise izitshalo ezinempilo kanye nesivuno esikhiqizayo. Imfundo efanele kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela kungasiza kakhulu ekugcineni amandla ezithelo ezincane zasekhaya kanye nemisebenzi emikhulu ye-citrus yezentengiselwano.
