Ayini Amaphethini Okugeleza Komfula Nezinhlobo Zawo?
Imifula iyisici esibalulekile sendawo. Ngaphandle kokusebenza njengemithombo yamanzi, imizila yezokuthutha, kanye nokusekelwa kwe-ecosystem, imifula igcina ulwazi mayelana ne-geology kanye ne-topography yesifunda. Enye indlela "yokufunda" isimo sesifunda phakathi kwemifula ukubuka amaphethini okugeleza kwawo. Kusukela kula maphethini okugeleza, singaqonda ukuma kobuso boMhlaba, izinhlobo zamadwala, izakhiwo ze-geological, kanye nezinqubo zokwakha indawo ezenzeke eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kuya kwezigidi.
Iyini iphethini yokugeleza komfula?
Iphethini yokugeleza komfula iwukuhlelwa noma ukuma kwenethiwekhi yomfula (kufaka phakathi imifula yayo) endaweni enamanzi (i-DAS) uma ibukwa phezulu, isibonelo, kusetshenziswa imephu yesimo sendawo, izithombe zesathelayithi, noma izithombe zasemoyeni. Leli phethini lakhiwa ngoba amanzi ageleza emithambekeni yemithambeka futhi avumelana nezithiyo ebusweni boMhlaba, njengokwehluka kobulukhuni bamadwala, amaphutha, ukugoba, kanye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.
Ngamanye amazwi, iphethini yokugeleza komfula akuyona nje "isimo somfula esigobile," kodwa kunalokho ubudlelwano phakathi komfula omkhulu nemifudlana yawo. Iphethini ngayinye inezimpawu zayo futhi ivame ukuhlobene eduze nohlobo oluthile lwendawo. Ngakho-ke, amaphethini okugeleza komfula avame ukufundwa ku-geography, geomorphology, kanye nokuhlela kwesifunda , ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyweni kwezingozi zezikhukhula, ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukuchitheka komhlaba, noma ukuphathwa kwamanzi.
Izici ezithonya amaphethini okugeleza komfula
Ngaphambi kokuhlola izinhlobo zalezi zinhlobo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amaphethini okugeleza komfula ehluka. Ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezithonya ukwakheka kwazo zifaka:
1. I-Topography (ukwakheka kwentaba kanye nokwakheka kwayo)
Izindawo eziqongile nezinezintaba zizokhiqiza amaphethini okugeleza ahlukene kunezindawo eziyisicaba noma ezinamanzi.
2. Isakhiwo se-Geological
Ukuba khona kwamaphutha, ukugoba, noma ukuqhekeka emadwaleni kungaqondisa ukugeleza komfula ukuze kwakheke amaphethini athile.
3. Uhlobo kanye nokuqina kwedwala
Amatshe aqinile avame ukuguguleka kalula, ngakho-ke imifula "ikhetha" izindlela ezibuthakathaka. Umehluko ekuqineni kwamatshe ungadala amaphethini okugeleza ajwayelekile.
4. Izinqubo ze-Geological kanye ne-volcanic
Umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo, ukugeleza kwe-lava, kanye nemigodi yezintaba-mlilo kanye nama-domes kungathonya indlela amanzi ahamba ngayo futhi kwakheke amaphethini e-radial noma e-centripetal.
5. Isimo sezulu kanye nezitshalo
Imvula kanye nokwembozwa komhlaba kuthonya ukuqina kokugeleza komhlaba kanye nokwakheka kwesigodi, yize ngokuvamile lezi zici zithonya ukuminyana kwamanzi ngaphezu kokwakheka kwephethini engaphansi.
Izinhlobo zamaphethini okugeleza komfula
Okulandelayo yizindlela eziningana ezivame ukutholakala zokugeleza komfula kanye nezici zazo kanye nezimo zokwakheka kwazo.
1. Iphethini ye-Dendritic
Iphethini ye-dendritic iphethini yokukhipha amanzi efana namagatsha esihlahla. Imifula ihlangana nomfula omkhulu ngama-engeli abukhali futhi ayifani ngesimo kodwa isakazeke njengamagatsha.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Amagatsha afana nesihlahla
- Akukho siqondiso esiqinile esibusayo
– Imifula ihlangana ngokwemvelo ilandela umthambeka
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Izindawo ezinamatshe afanayo (ubulukhuni obufanayo)
– Isakhiwo se-geological asiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
– Imithambeka ethambile kuya kwephakathi
Amaphethini e-dendritic aphakathi kwalawo atholakala kakhulu ngoba izindawo eziningi zinezimo zamadwala ezifanayo.
2. Iphethini ye-Trellis
Iphethini ye-trellis yakha inethiwekhi efana nothango noma efana ne-lattice. Umfula oyinhloko uvame ukugeleza uhambisana nawo, kuyilapho imifula ingena cishe ngokuqondile emfuleni oyinhloko.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Imifula emikhulu ihambisana noma ilandela izigodi ezinde
– Imifula ihlangana nge-engeli esondela kuma-degrees angu-90
- Iphethini ibukeka ijwayelekile
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Izintaba ezigoqiwe
– Izindawo ezinezingqimba ezishintshanayo zamatshe aqinile nathambile
– Izakhiwo zosizo ezinde njengezindunduma nezigodi
Le ndlela ibonisa ukuba khona kokulawulwa okuqinile kwesakhiwo se-geological phezu kwesiqondiso sokugeleza.
3. Iphethini yemisebe
Iphethini yemisebe yenzeka lapho imifula igeleza isuka endaweni ephakathi (njengemisebe yesondo). Isiqondiso sokugeleza siphuma sisuka enkabeni ephezulu.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Umfula uvela ezintabeni eziphakathi nendawo
- Ukugeleza kusabalala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Intaba-mlilo (i-cone yentaba-mlilo)
– Ama-dome noma amagquma avelele
Amaphethini okukhanya avamile ezindaweni ezizungeze izintaba, njengoba amanzi ehla emithambekeni ngezindlela ezahlukene.
4. Iphethini ephakathi nendawo
Iphethini ephakathi nendawo iphambene nephethini ye-radial. Ukugeleza komfula kuya endaweni ephakathi, ephansi, ngokuvamile isigodi.
Izici eziyinhloko:
- Umzila oholela phakathi nendawo
– Isikhungo ngokuvamile siyichibi, ixhaphozi, noma i-endorheic (evaliwe).
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Isitsha esikhulu noma i-crater
– Isitsha esivaliwe esingenawo umthombo wokungena olwandle
Le ndlela ingatholakala ezindaweni ezicindezelekile noma ezindaweni ezisebenza “njengesitsha” sokugeleza kwamanzi avela endaweni ezungezile.
5. Iphethini engunxande (engunxande)
Iphethini elingunxande linomsinga okwakha ukugoba kwendololwane futhi ukuhlangana kwemifula kuvame ukwakha i-engeli engama-degree angu-90.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Ukugeleza kuvame ukuguquka kakhulu
– Amagatsha akha ama-engeli angakwesokudla
– Imifula ibonakala ilandela imigqa ethile
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Izindawo zamadwala ezinezimfa eziningi noma amaphutha (amalunga namaphutha)
– Izakhiwo ze-Geological ezakha izindiza ezibuthakathaka eziqondene nomunye nomunye
Le ndlela ikhombisa ukuthi umfula “uphoqelekile” ukulandela indlela yokuqhekeka kwamadwala.
6. Iphethini efanayo
Iphethini efanayo yenzeka lapho imifula eminingana igeleza ngokulingana cishe ohlangothini olufanayo. Imisele yamanzi ivame ukulingana futhi ayivamile ukuhlangana eduze.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Umfula uhamba ngokulingana
- Amagatsha amancane kakhulu
- Kulandela i-gradient efanayo yokuthambekela
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Umthambeka omude futhi ophakeme
– Izindawo ezinesimo esilinganayo, njengonqenqema lwezintaba noma ithafa elithambekele
Amaphethini afanayo abonisa ukulawulwa kwesimo sendawo okunamandla, ikakhulukazi imithambeka eqinile.
7. Iphethini elihlanganisiwe
Iphethini elijikelezayo lakha inethiwekhi yemifudlana efana nezindandatho noma iziyingi, ngokuvamile ezungeze indawo ephakathi. Imifula ilandela izindlela ezigobile neziyindilinga.
Izici eziyinhloko:
- Ukugeleza kuyajika ukuze kwakheke indilinga noma i-semicircle
– Kunemifula emincane exhumanisa lezi zindilinga
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Isakhiwo se-dome noma se-basin esinezingqimba zamatshe ezigxile
– Izindawo ezinomehluko ekumelaneni kwamadwala ezihlelwe ngendilinga
Amaphethini e-annular awavamile kakhulu kune-dendritic, kodwa ahlukile kakhulu ezakhiweni ezithile ze-geological.
8. Iphethini ephazamisekile (engajwayelekile)
Iphethini ephazamisekile iyiphethini yokugeleza ephithizelayo nengahlelekile, evame ukuhambisana namachibi amaningi amancane, amaxhaphozi, noma imifudlana engapheli.
Izici eziyinhloko:
– Inethiwekhi yomfula ayicacile
- Amachibi amaningi, amachibi, noma amaxhaphozi
- Ukugeleza kuvame ukushintsha
Kwakhiwe ngo:
– Indawo entsha ngokwesimo sendawo
– Izindawo ezisanda kubhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu, isibonelo, ukuguguleka kweqhwa kwangaphambilini (emazweni anezinkathi ezine zonyaka), ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi okukhulu, noma izindawo ezintsha ezingakaqini “zizinzile”
Le ndlela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlelo lokukhipha amanzi alukakhiwa ngokugcwele.
Kungani kubalulekile ukufunda amaphethini okugeleza komfula?
Ukufunda amaphethini okugeleza komfula kuyasiza ngezinhloso ezahlukene, isibonelo:
– Ukuhlela nokuthuthukisa indawo: ukunquma izindawo ezivame ukuba nezikhukhula noma ukuguguleka komhlabathi.
– Ukunciphisa izinhlekelele: ukuqonda amathuba okuba khona kwezikhukhula ezinkulu, ukudilika komhlaba kanye nokuchitheka kwenhlabathi.
– Ukuhlola izinsiza: amaphethini okugeleza anganikeza izinkomba mayelana nezakhiwo ze-geological, okuhlanganisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namandla amaminerali.
– Ukuphathwa kwemvelo: ukusiza ngokuvuselelwa kwemisele yamanzi, ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokulawulwa kokungcola.
I-Penutup
Amaphethini okukhipha amanzi emfuleni awumfanekiso wamanethiwekhi omfula akhiwe ukusebenzisana kokugeleza kwamanzi ne-topography, izakhiwo ze-geological, kanye nezinhlobo zamadwala. Amaphethini afana ne-dendritic, trellis, radial, centripetal, rectangular, parallel, annular, kanye ne-deranged ngalinye linezici ezihlukile ezingasisiza siqonde isimo sesifunda. Ngokuqonda amaphethini okukhipha amanzi emfuleni, asigcini nje ngokuqaphela izimo zomfula kumamephu kodwa futhi siyaqonda umlando wezinhlobo zomhlaba woMhlaba futhi sihlela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ngokuhlakanipha nangokuphephile.
