Imiphumela Yokubhema Esimiso Sokuphefumula
Ukubhema kusengomunye wemikhuba evame kakhulu emphakathini, naphezu kwezingozi zayo zempilo ezaziwayo. Omunye wezinhlelo zomzimba ezithinteka ngokushesha nangokubi kakhulu ukubhema uhlelo lokuphefumula. Ukuhogela ngakunye kwentuthu kagwayi kuthwala inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ayizinkulungwane, okuhlanganisa i-nicotine, i-tar, i-carbon monoxide, i-formaldehyde, i-benzene, kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ezahlukahlukene ezingangena zijule emigudwini yomoya futhi zifinyelele kuma-alveoli (amasaka omoya emaphashini). Ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kulezi zinto kushintsha indlela esebenza ngayo imigudwi yomoya, kunciphisa ikhono lamaphaphu lokuzihlanza, kubangele ukuvuvukala okungapheli, futhi kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka kanye nezifo ezinkulu ezifana ne-COPD kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Indlela Uhlelo Lokuphefumula Olusebenza Ngayo nokuthi Kungani Ugwayi Uyingozi
Uhlelo lokuphefumula luqukethe ikhala, i-pharynx, i-larynx, i-trachea, i-bronchi, i-bronchioles, kanye ne-alveoli. Umoya ongenayo uyahlungwa, ufakwe umswakama, bese uqondiswa emaphashini ukuze kushintshwe igesi: umoya-mpilo uyamuncwa egazini bese kukhishwa i-carbon dioxide. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvikela izindlela zokuphefumula yi-mucus kanye ne-cilia, izinwele ezincane ezindongeni zezindlela zokuphefumula ezihamba njalo ukuze zikhiphe ukungcola, uthuli kanye namagciwane.
Intuthu kagwayi ilimaza lesi sivikelo. I-tar kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane zinamathela ezindongeni zezindlela zomoya, kuyilapho amakhemikhali athile ekhubaza i-cilia. Ngenxa yalokho, "izindlela zomoya zemvelo" zamaphaphu azisebenzi kahle. I-mucus iba nkulu futhi ibe ningi, kodwa kunzima ukuyikhipha. Yingakho ababhemayo bevame ukuba nokukhwehlela okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ekuseni.
Umphumela Wokubhema Endleleni Yokuphefumula Ephezulu
Endleleni yokuphefumula ephezulu (kusukela ekhaleni kuya emphinjeni), ukubhema kungabangela ukucasuka okungapheli, okuholela ezimpawini ezifana nokuminyana kwamakhala, umphimbo owomile, ukushaqeka, kanye nomuzwa wokuvaleka. Intuthu kagwayi nayo iphazamisa ukusebenza kokuhlunga kwamakhala futhi yenza izicubu zibe sengozini yokuvuvukala. Kwabanye abantu, ukubhema kwenza i-rhinitis ibe yingozi (ukuvuvukala kwamakhala) noma kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka komphimbo okuphindaphindayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhema kungashintsha ikhwalithi yezwi. Ukucasuka nokuvuvukala kwemisipha yezwi kubangela ukuhosha okuqhubekayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ababhemayo banengozi enkulu yokuthola izifo ze-laryngeal, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza we-laryngeal, ngenxa yokuchayeka ngqo ku-carcinogens isikhathi ngasinye lapho bephefumula intuthu.
Ukulimala Kwama-Tracheal kanye Ne-Bronchial: Ukukhwehlela Okungapheli kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kwe-Phlegm
Uma intuthu kagwayi idlula ku-trachea kanye ne-bronchi, umzimba usabela ngokuvuvukala. Umzimba ubona intuthu "njengento yangaphandle" okumele ikhishwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-cilia ayaphazamiseka, umzimba uthembele ku-cough reflex njengendlela yokubuyisela. Ukukhwehlela komuntu obhemayo akuyona nje into eyenzeka ngomkhuba, kodwa kuwuphawu lokucasuka okuqhubekayo kanye nomonakalo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-phlegm kuyanda ukuze kubambe izinhlayiya zangaphandle, kodwa le-phlegm iba yindawo yokuzalela kalula amabhaktheriya. Ngakho-ke, ababhemayo basengozini enkulu yokuthola i-bronchitis ebukhali ephindaphindayo. Uma ukuchayeka kuqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, i-bronchitis ingaba yisifo esingamahlalakhona: izindonga ze-bronchial ziyaqina, izindlela zomoya ziyancipha, futhi umoya ungena kahle.
Umthelela ku-Alveoli: I-Emphysema kanye nokwehla kokushintshaniswa kwegesi
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamaphaphu okushintshana kwegesi yi-alveoli. Ama-alveoli anempilo ayanwebeka futhi anendawo enkulu, okuvumela ukumuncwa kahle komoya-mpilo. Ukubhema kubangela ukuvuvukala okulimaza kancane kancane izindonga ze-alveolar. Lapho izindonga ze-alveolar zonakele, lawa masaka amancane ahlangana abe yizikhala zomoya ezinkulu nezingasebenzi kahle. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi i-emphysema.
I-emphysema ibangela ukuthi amaphaphu alahlekelwe ukunwebeka, okubangela ukuthi umoya ubambeke futhi kube nzima ukuwukhipha ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokho, ababhemayo bavame ukuba nokuphelelwa umoya, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga, ngoba umzimba awutholi umoya-mpilo owanele naphezu kokuphefumula ngokushesha. Lesi simo asigcini nje ngokunciphisa amandla kodwa futhi sinciphisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yokuphila.
Isifo Esingapheli Sokuvimbela Amaphaphu (i-COPD): Usongo Lwesikhathi Eside
Omunye wemiphumela emikhulu yokubhema yi-COPD (Isifo Sokuvinjelwa Kwamaphaphu Esingapheli), okuhlanganisa i-bronchitis engapheli kanye ne-emphysema. I-COPD ibonakala ngokuvinjelwa komoya okuqhubekayo, okusho ukuthi ingaba nzima kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma ukubhema kungayekwa. Izimpawu ze-COPD zifaka phakathi ukukhwehlela okungapheli, ukukhiqizwa kwe-phlegm okuqhubekayo, ukuphefumula okuphefumulayo, kanye nokuphefumula okwandayo.
Ezigabeni ezithuthukile, abantu abane-COPD bangaba nokwanda kwezifo, okuwukwanda kwezifo ngokuzumayo okubangelwa ukutheleleka noma ukungcola. Ukwanda kwezifo kuvame ukudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela, ukwelashwa nge-oxygen, ngisho nokusekelwa komoya-mpilo. Okwenza i-COPD ibe yingozi ukulimala kwamaphaphu okungaba unomphela. Ukwelashwa kungasiza ekulawuleni izimpawu, kodwa akukwazi ukubuyisela ngokuphelele isakhiwo samaphaphu.
Ukubhema kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu
Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungomunye wemidlavuza ebulalayo kakhulu, futhi ukubhema kuyisici esikhulu esiyingozi. Ama-carcinogens kugwayi angalimaza i-DNA yamaseli omoya kanye namaphaphu. Umonakalo we-DNA ophindaphindwayo, uma ungalungiswanga kahle ngumzimba, ungabangela ukukhula okungavamile kwamaseli okungaba yizimila ezibulalayo.
Inkinga evamile ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu awuvami ukubangela izimpawu ezisobala ezigabeni zawo zokuqala. Ukukhwehlela okuncane noma ukuphelelwa umoya kuvame ukubhekwa "njengokuvamile" ngababhemayo. Lapho izimpawu ziba zimbi kakhulu—njengokukhwehlela igazi, ubuhlungu besifuba, noma ukwehla kwesisindo okukhulu—umdlavuza ungase ube sesigabeni esithuthukile kakade. Ngakho-ke, isu eliyinhloko lokuvimbela lihlala liwukugwema ugwayi nokuyeka ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ingozi Ephakeme Yezifo Zokuphefumula
Ukubhema kunciphisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sendawo emigwaqweni yomoya. I-cilia eyonakele, i-mucus ejiyile, kanye nokuvuvukala okungapheli kudala indawo ekahle yamagciwane. Ababhemayo basengozini enkulu yokuba nomkhuhlane ohlala isikhathi eside, umkhuhlane onzima kakhulu, i-pneumonia, ngisho nesifo sofuba (TB). Kwezinye izimo, izifo ezingase zibe zincane kubantu abangabhemi zingaba zimbi kakhulu kubantu ababhemayo ngoba amaphaphu asevele ethwele umonakalo wangaphambilini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchayeka kusikilidi nakho kungabhebhethekisa i-asthma. Kubantu abane-asthma, izindlela zomoya zizwela kakhulu. Intuthu kagwayi ingabangela ukuhlaselwa yi-asthma, ibangele ukukhwehlela okubi kakhulu, futhi ikhulise isidingo semithi yokwelapha.
Umphumela Wokubhema Okungaphefumuli Kahle Ekuphefumuleni
Akubona nje kuphela abantu ababhemayo abathintekayo. Abantu abaseduze nababhemayo—umndeni, abangane, kanye nabantu osebenza nabo—bangaphefumula intuthu kagwayi (intuthu kagwayi) ngokungaqondile. Izingane zisengozini enkulu ngoba amaphaphu azo asakhula. Ukuchayeka entuthwini kagwayi kungandisa ingozi yokukhwehlela okungapheli, izifo zendlebe nokuphefumula, i-asthma, kanye nokusebenza kwamaphaphu okuncipha. Ezinsaneni, ukuchayeka entuthwini kagwayi nakho kuhlotshaniswa nengozi ye-sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Isiphetho
Ukubhema kunemiphumela ebanzi futhi emibi ohlelweni lokuphefumula, kusukela ekucasukeni okuncane kuya ekulimaleni okungapheli njenge-COPD, i-emphysema, kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ugwayi wonakalisa i-cilia, wandise ukukhiqizwa kwe-mucus, unciphise imigudu yomoya, unciphise ukushintshana komoya-mpilo, futhi unciphise ukuzivikela komzimba ekuthelelekeni. Le miphumela ayizwakali nje kuphela ngababhemayo abakhuthele kodwa futhi nalabo abaseduze nabo ngokubhema intuthu kagwayi.
Ukuyeka ukubhema kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvikela uhlelo lwakho lokuphefumula. Nakuba umonakalo othile ungaba unomphela, ukuyeka kunganciphisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwe-cilia ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunciphise ingozi yokutheleleka, futhi kunciphise nengozi yomdlavuza. Uma umuntu eyeka ngokushesha, kulapho amathuba okululama kwamaphaphu kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe khona aba maningi. Uma wena noma othandekayo wakho nilwela ukuyeka ukubhema, ukwesekwa komndeni, ukubonisana nochwepheshe wezempilo, kanye nokwelashwa kokuyeka ukubhema kungaba amathuluzi abalulekile empilweni enempilo.
