Indima Yama-Enzyme e-Amylase Ekugayweni Kwama-carbohydrate
Ukugaya ukudla kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izitho eziningi nama-enzyme ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukudla kube izakhamzimba umzimba ongazimunca. Esinye sezakhamzimba ezinkulu okudingeka zigaywe ama-carbohydrate, kanti i-enzyme edlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo yi-amylase. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokujulile ngendima ye-amylase ekugayweni kwama-carbohydrate, indlela esebenza ngayo, imithombo yayo yokukhiqizwa emzimbeni, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo empilweni yabantu.
Kuyini i-Amylase?
I-Amylase iyi-enzyme ekhuthaza ukuqhekeka kwama-molecule e-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi abe ushukela olula. I-Amylase isebenza kakhulu kuma-polysaccharides afana nesitashi kanye ne-glycogen, i-hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds ukuze ikhulule amayunithi e-monosaccharide afana ne-glucose. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-amylase ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu: i-alpha-amylase (α-amylase) kanye ne-beta-amylase (β-amylase). Lesi sihloko sizogxila ku-alpha-amylase, njengoba kuyindlela eyinhloko ehilelekile ekugayweni kokudla komuntu.
Umlando Nokutholwa
Ukutholakala kwe-amylase kwaqala ngokutadisha ama-enzyme kanye nokubiliswa yisazi samakhemikhali saseFrance u-Anselme Payen ngo-1833. U-Payen wathola i-enzyme ekukhishweni kwe-malt wayiqamba ngokuthi i-diastase, igama manje elaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-amylase. Kusukela kulokhu kutholakala, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luye lwaholela ekuqondeni okubanzi kwesakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nokubaluleka kwe-amylase ekugayweni kokudla komuntu.
Ukukhiqizwa Nokukhishwa Kwe-Amylase
I-Amylase ikhiqizwa ezindaweni eziningana emzimbeni. Imithombo emibili eyinhloko ye-amylase yizindlala zamathe kanye ne-pancreas.
1. I-Amylase yamathe:
Izindlala zamathe zikhiqiza i-salivary amylase, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ptyalin. Lapho ukudla kungena emlonyeni, i-salivary amylase iqala ngokushesha ukuphula isitashi sibe yi-maltose ne-dextrin. Le nqubo yenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlafuna nangaphambi kokuba ukudla kugwinywe. Ukunambitheka okumnandi ngezinye izikhathi okutholakala lapho udla ukudla okunesitashi, njengelayisi noma isinkwa, kuwumphumela we-salivary amylase ephula isitashi sibe ushukela olula.
2. I-Amylase ye-Pancreatic:
Ngemva kokuba ukudla kudlule esiswini bese kungena emathunjini amancane, i-pancreatic amylase iyathatha indawo. Le amylase ikhiqizwa yi-pancreas bese ikhishwa iye e-duodenum nge-duct ye-pancreatic. I-pancreatic amylase iqhubeka nenqubo yokugaya ukudla ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngoba i-pH emathunjini amancane ilungele kakhulu umsebenzi wale enzyme. I-pancreatic amylase iphinda ihlukanise isitashi sibe yi-maltose, i-maltotriose, kanye nama-oligosaccharides amancane, abese ehlukaniswa abe yi-monosaccharides ngamanye ama-enzyme ebusweni bamaseli amancane amathumbu.
Indlela Yokusebenza ye-Amylase
I-Amylase isebenza nge-hydrolysis, iphula izibopho ze-glycosidic (izibopho ze-C-O-C) phakathi kwamayunithi e-glucose ku-starch. I-Alpha-amylase iqaphela ngokukhethekile izibopho ze-alpha-1,4-glycosidic. Le enzyme ihlasela ngokungahleliwe ama-molecule e-starch, iwahlukanise abe yizicucu ezincane njenge-maltose (amayunithi amabili e-glucose), i-maltotriose (amayunithi amathathu e-glucose), kanye nama-dextrins amafushane.
Lokhu kusabela kwe-hydrolysis kungafingqwa kanje:
\[ (C_6H_{10}O_5)_n + nH_2O \umcibisholo ongakwesokudla nC_6H_{12}O_6 \]
Kulesi simo, isitashi esimanzi siyahlukaniswa sibe yi-glucose lapho kukhona amanzi kanye ne-enzyme i-amylase. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nqubo ayiphelele emlonyeni futhi iyaqhubeka emathunjini amancane yi-pancreatic amylase.
Ukubaluleka Kwezokwelapha Nezempilo
Ukubaluleka kwe-amylase akunakuphikiswa, njengoba ukuwohloka kwama-carbohydrate okungaphelele kungaholela ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene zokugaya ukudla kanye ne-metabolism. Ukuntuleka noma ukuphazamiseka ekukhiqizweni nasekusebenzeni kwe-amylase kungaholela ezimweni ezifana nokungamuncwa kwama-carbohydrate, ukungabekezelelani nama-carbohydrate, ngisho ne-pancreatitis.
1. Ukuntuleka kwe-Amylase:
Ukuntuleka kwe-enzyme ye-Amylase kungabangela ukungakwazi ukugaya isitashi kahle, okubangela izimpawu ezifana nokuqunjelwa, igesi, kanye nesifo sohudo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yomonakalo we-pancreas (njengakwi-pancreatitis) noma isifo sofuzo esithinta ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme.
2. I-Pancreatitis:
I-pancreatitis, noma ukuvuvukala kwe-pancreas, kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme e-pancreatic, okuhlanganisa ne-amylase. Lokhu kuvame ukutholakala ngokulinganisa amazinga e-serum amylase; amazinga aphezulu abonisa ukulimala kwe-pancreatic noma ukuvaleka komsele we-pancreatic.
3. Ukuhlolwa Kokuxilonga:
Amazinga e-Amylase egazini nasemchameni avame ukulinganiswa ekuxilongweni kwemitholampilo ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwe-pancreatic. Ukuphakama okukhulu kwamazinga e-serum amylase kungabonisa i-pancreatitis ebukhali noma ukuvaleka kwe-pancreatic duct.
I-Amylase kanye nokudla
Imithombo yokudla ecebile ngama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, njengokusanhlamvu okuphelele, imifino yezimpande, kanye nemifino, isebenzisa umsebenzi we-amylase ukuwahlukanisa abe ushukela olula umzimba ongawumunca. Ukugaya kokuqala kwama-carbohydrate emlonyeni yi-amylase yamathe nakho kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlafuna ukudla kahle ukuze kukhuliswe ukugaya kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba.
Ukuqamba kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kokwelapha
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokuqonda i-amylase kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Isibonelo, i-amylase isetshenziswa embonini yokudla ukuguqula ufulawa kanye nesitashi, kanye nasezimbonini zezindwangu nephepha ukushintsha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi i-amylase isetshenziswe ekwelashweni kokushintsha ama-enzyme kubantu abaswele le enzyme ngenxa yezimo ezithile zezokwelapha. Ama-probiotic aqukethe ama-microorganisms akhiqiza i-amylase nawo ayahlolwa ukuze asize ekugayweni kokudla kubantu abanezinkinga zama-enzyme.
Isiphetho
I-Amylase iyi-enzyme ebalulekile ekugayweni kwama-carbohydrate. Ngokufaka i-hydrolyzing izibopho ze-glycosidic kuma-molecule e-starch, i-amylase iguqula ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi abe ushukela olula ongamuncwa futhi usetshenziswe ngumzimba. Ngakho-ke, le enzyme ibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekugayweni kokudla kodwa futhi nasempilweni ye-metabolic iyonke. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza kanye nokubaluleka kwe-amylase kunikeza ukuqonda okungcono ngendlela umzimba ogaya futhi usebenzise ngayo ama-carbohydrate, kanye nokuthi ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wale enzyme kungathinta kanjani impilo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekusetshenzisweni kwe-amylase kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, okunikeza amandla amakhulu kwezokwelapha nasezimbonini.
