Imibono Yokufunda kanye Nezicelo Zayo Zekilasi
Ukufunda kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nenezici eziningi ebilokhu igxile ocwaningweni olunzulu kanye nengxoxo phakathi kwabafundisi, izazi zengqondo, kanye nezazi amashumi eminyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwavela imibono eminingi yokufunda, ngayinye inikeza ilensi ehlukile abafundisi abangaqonda ngayo futhi benze lula ukufunda kwabafundi. Lesi sihloko sihlola eminye yemibono yokufunda enethonya elikhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo ekilasini.
1. Ukuziphatha Okuhle
I-Behaviorism, eyasungulwa ngabantu abanjengoJohn B. Watson noBF Skinner, igcizelela indima yezisusa zangaphandle ekubumbeni ukuziphatha. Umqondo oyinhloko ukuthi ukufunda kuwushintsho ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo okubangelwa izisusa zangaphandle endaweni ezungezile.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Ekilasini elifundisa ukuziphatha, othisha basebenzisa ukuqinisa kanye nokujezisa ukuze bakhe ukuziphatha kwabafundi. Ukuqinisa okuhle (njengokuncoma, imivuzo, noma amalungelo) kusetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okufiselekayo, kuyilapho ukuqinisa okubi (ukususa isisusa esibi) noma isijeziso (ukwethula isisusa esibi) kusetshenziswa ukudikibalisa okungathandeki. Isibonelo, uthisha anganika abafundi izitikha zokuqedela umsebenzi wesikole (ukuqinisa okuhle) noma abagcine bephumule ngenxa yokuziphatha okuphazamisayo (isijeziso). Izindlela zokufundisa ezicacile, njengokufundisa okuqondile kanye nokuzijwayeza, zivame emakilasini okufundisa ukuziphatha.
2. Ukwakha izinto
Ukwakha, okuhambisana nababhali bemibono abafana noJean Piaget noLev Vygotsky, kusikisela ukuthi abafundi bakhe ukuqonda kwabo kanye nolwazi lwabo ngomhlaba ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho nokuzindla ngalokho okuhlangenwe nakho.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Amakilasi okufundisa ukwakha agxile ekusebenzisaneni kwabafundi, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokucabanga okujulile. Othisha basiza ukufunda ngokunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda okucebile, okwenziwa ngezandla kanye nokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babuze imibuzo futhi bahlole. Izigaba zikaPiaget zokuthuthukiswa ziqondisa othisha ukudala imisebenzi efanelana nobudala babo, kuyilapho umqondo kaVygotsky weNdawo Yokuthuthukiswa Okuseduze (i-ZPD) ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokunikeza imisebenzi engaphezu nje kwamakhono omfundi wamanje kodwa engafezwa ngesiqondiso. Amasu okufunda ngokubambisana, njengomsebenzi weqembu, ukufundisa kontanga, kanye nengxoxo, ayizimpawu zendlela yokwakha.
3. Ithiyori Yokufunda Komphakathi
Ithiyori Yokufunda Komphakathi ka-Albert Bandura iqokomisa indima yokubuka, ukulingisa, kanye nokulingisa ekufundeni. Ngokusho kukaBandura, abantu bangafunda ukuziphatha okusha ngokubuka abanye, inqubo ayibiza ngokuthi ukufunda kokubuka.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Ukufaka ithiyori yokufunda komphakathi ekilasini kuhilela ukusebenzisa amamodeli kanye nokufunda kokubuka. Othisha kufanele babonise ukuziphatha okuhle futhi basebenzise umsebenzi wabafundi oyisibonelo ukuze babeke amazinga. Ukufunda ngokubambisana kanye nokubuka ontanga kuyakhuthazwa, lapho abafundi bengafunda khona komunye nomunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufaka amathuluzi e-multimedia afana namavidiyo, ukulingisa, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana kunganikeza amamodeli ahlukahlukene abafundi okufanele bawabuke futhi bafunde kuwo.
4. Ithiyori Yokufunda Kokuqonda
Ithiyori yokufunda ngokucabanga, ehlotshaniswa nababhali bemibono abafana noJerome Bruner noDavid Ausubel, igxile ezinqubweni zangaphakathi ezihilelekile ekufundeni, njengokucabanga, inkumbulo, ukwazi, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Othisha abasebenzisa amasu okufunda okucabanga bagxila ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo zengqondo zabafundi. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukufundisa amasu okucabanga (ukucabanga ngokucabanga) njengokuzibuza imibuzo, ukufingqa, kanye nokubhala imephu yemibono. Izifundo zenzelwe ukwakha olwazini lwangaphambilini (ukubeka isisekelo) nokusebenzisa ukufunda okunenjongo kunokugcina ngekhanda. Amasu anjengokusebenzisa amadivayisi okukhumbula, izinsiza ezibonakalayo, kanye nabahleli (njengemidwebo ye-Venn noma amashadi okugeleza) asiza abafundi ukucubungula nokugcina ulwazi.
5. Ithiyori Yokufunda Yobuntu
Ithiyori yokufunda ngobuntu, ekhuthazwa yizazi zemfundiso efana no-Abraham Maslow noCarl Rogers, igcizelela ukukhula komuntu siqu kanye nenhlalakahle engokomzwelo yomfundi. Ithi ukufunda kugxile kubafundi futhi kuhloselwe ukusiza abantu ukuthi bafinyelele ekuziqondeni bona.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Ekilasini elinobuntu, kugxilwe ekudaleni indawo ephephile nekhulisayo lapho abafundi bezizwa bebalulekile futhi behlonishwa khona. Othisha basebenza njengabagqugquzeli kunokuba babe ngabantu abanamandla, bekhuthaza isimo sokuhloniphana nozwela. Amasu anjengokukhetha kwabafundi, imikhuba yokuzindla, kanye nokubeka imigomo yomuntu siqu asetshenziswa ukukhuthaza isisusa sangaphakathi. Imisebenzi ingafaka izingxoxo mayelana nezintshisekelo zabafundi, ukubhala phansi okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, kanye namaphrojekthi ahlobene nokuphila kwabafundi.
6. Ithiyori Yobuhlakani Obuningi
Ithiyori kaHoward Gardner ye-Multiple Intelligences isikisela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlakani abantu abaqonda futhi bacubungule ngazo ulwazi, okuhlanganisa ulimi, okunengqondo-kwezibalo, okwendawo, okomculo, okuphathelene nomzimba, okuphathelene nabantu, okuphathelene nabantu, kanye nokuphathelene nemvelo.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Ukuqaphela ubuhlakani obuhlukahlukene kusho ukunikeza imisebenzi yokufunda ehlukahlukene ekilasini. Othisha bangaklama izifundo ezinakekela amandla ahlukene, njengokuxoxa izindaba kanye nezingxoxo zabafundi bezilimi, amaphazili kanye nokuhlolwa kwabafundi abanengqondo-izibalo, kanye namaphrojekthi obuciko abafundi bendawo. Ukuhlanganisa umculo, imisebenzi yomzimba, umsebenzi weqembu, kanye nokuhlola imvelo kuvumela abafundi ukuthi bahlanganyele nokuqukethwe ngezindlela eziningi futhi bagqamise amandla abo ngabanye.
7. Ukuxhumana
I-Connectivism, inkolelo-mbono entsha ethuthukiswe nguGeorge Siemens noStephen Downes, isekelwe emthonjeni wamanethiwekhi edijithali ekufundeni. Ithi ukufunda kwenzeka ngokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwamanethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi enkathini yedijithali.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
Ngendlela yokuxhumana, ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile. Amakilasi asebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali namapulatifomu aku-inthanethi ukuze kube lula ukufunda. Othisha bangasebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana, amabhulogi, ama-wiki, nezinye izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ukuze baxhumanise abafundi nolwazi nochwepheshe. Ukufundisa ukufunda nokubhala ngedijithali kanye nendlela yokuhlola ngokujulile ulwazi oluku-inthanethi kubalulekile. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi badale futhi babelane ngokuqukethwe ngokusebenzisa izindlela zedijithali kukhuthaza indawo yokufunda esebenzisana futhi exhumene.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa imibono ehlukene yokufunda kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemikhuba yokufundisa. Ngokuhlanganisa izinto ezivela ekuziphatheni, ekwakheni izinto, ekufundeni kwezenhlalo, ekufundeni kwengqondo, ezindleleni zobuntu, ekuhlakanipheni okuningi, kanye nasekuxhumaneni, othisha bangakha izindawo zokufunda ezicebile, ezihehayo, nezisekelayo ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zabafundi babo. Ukwamukela amandla enkolelo ngayinye kuvumela indlela ephelele yemfundo, ukulungiselela abafundi hhayi nje kuphela ukuthola ulwazi, kodwa nokuba ngabafundi nabacabangi impilo yonke ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.
