# Ukuthuthukisa Izindlela Zokufunda Eziphumelelayo
Ezweni esiphila kulo namuhla elisheshayo nelicebile ngolwazi, ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokufunda ezisebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Imfundo ayisagcini nje endaweni yokufundela evamile kodwa ikhule yaze yafaka izinhlobo ezahlukene zokufunda nge-inthanethi, ukuzifundela, kanye nezindawo zokufunda ezihlanganisiwe. Lolu shintsho ludinga ukuhlolwa kwamasu okufunda asebenza kahle kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuzibandakanya nokuqukethwe ngendlela enenjongo, bagcine ulwazi, futhi basebenzise ulwazi ngendlela engokoqobo. Lesi sihloko sigxila ezimisweni ezibalulekile namasu okuthuthukisa izindlela zokufunda ezisebenzayo.
## Ukuqonda Imibono Yokufunda
Ukuze uthuthukise izindlela zokufunda ezisebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda imibono eyisisekelo yokuthi abantu bafunda kanjani. Eminye yemibono yokufunda enethonya elikhulu ihlanganisa i-Behaviorism, i-Cognitivism, kanye ne-Constructivism.
– Ukuziphatha: Le mbono igxile ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo kanye nendlela ukufunda okwenzeka ngayo ngokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile. Abasekeli abayinhloko bahlanganisa uBF Skinner noJohn Watson. Amasu anjengokuqinisa okuhle, ukuzijwayeza, kanye nokuphindaphinda asekelwe kulo mbono.
– Ukucabanga: Ukucabanga kushintsha ukugxila kusuka ekuziphatheni kwangaphandle kuya ezinqubweni zangaphakathi, njengokucabanga, inkumbulo, nokuxazulula izinkinga. UJean Piaget noJerome Bruner bangamagama aphawulekayo kulesi sigaba. Izindlela zokufunda ezisebenzayo ngaphansi kwe-Cognitivism zingafaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-mnemonics, amamephu engqondo, nokukhuthaza ukucabanga okubucayi.
– Ukwakha: Imibono yokwakha, ekhuthazwa nguJean Piaget noLev Vygotsky, ithi abafundi bakhe ulwazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokuzindla ngalokho okuhlangenwe nakho. Ukufunda okusebenzayo, amaphrojekthi okubambisana, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga zangempela yizindlela ezikhuthazwa yile mbono.
Ukuqonda lezi zinkolelo-mbono kunikeza ukuqonda ekuklameni izindlela zokufunda ezihlangabezana nezitayela nezidingo zokufunda ezahlukene.
## Izindlela Ezigxile Kubafundi
### Ukufunda Okusebenzayo
Ukufunda okusebenzayo kuhilela ukubandakanya abafundi emisebenzini ekhuthaza ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwekilasi. Esikhundleni sokulalela izinkulumo ngaphandle kokuzibamba, abafundi bahlanganyela ezingxoxweni, ekuxazululeni izinkinga, ezifundweni zamacala, kanye nasemisebenzini yokwenziwa ngezandla. Amasu afana nesu elithi “Cabanga-Pair-Share” akhuthaza ukubandakanyeka okukhulu nokuqonda okujulile ngokuvumela abafundi ukuthi baxoxe futhi bazindle ngendaba.
### Ukufunda Okuqondene Nomuntu Siqu
Ukufunda okwenzelwe wena kuvumela okuhlangenwe nakho kwezemfundo nezidingo zomfundi ngamunye kanye nezintandokazi zakhe. Le ndlela iyavuma ukuthi abafundi banezizinda ezahlukene, izintshisekelo, kanye nesivinini sokufunda. Ubuchwepheshe bokufunda obuhambisana nezimo busebenzisa ukuhlaziya idatha ukuhlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi ngamunye uthola inselelo efanele kanye nokusekelwa.
### Ukufunda Ngokubambisana
Ukufunda ngokubambisana kusebenzisa amandla okuxhumana kweqembu ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lokufunda. Ngomsebenzi weqembu, izingxoxo, kanye nempendulo yontanga, abafundi bayazuza emibonweni eyahlukene kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kodwa futhi yakha amakhono abalulekile okuxhumana kanye nokusebenza njengeqembu.
## Ukuhlanganiswa Kobuchwepheshe
### Izinsiza Zokufunda Nge-inthanethi Nezoku-inthanethi
Uguquko lwedijithali lulethe ukufunda nge-inthanethi phambili, okuvumela abafundi abavela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ukuthi bathole imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu. Amapulatifomu aku-inthanethi afana ne-Coursera, i-edX, kanye ne-Khan Academy ahlinzeka ngezifundo eziningi kuzo zonke izifundo. Ukuguquguquka nokufinyeleleka kwe-e-learning kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokufunda impilo yonke.
### Ukuhlanganiswa kwegeyimu
Ukudlala imidlalo kuhilela ukufaka izinto zemidlalo, njengamaphuzu, amabheji, namabhodi wabaphambili, emisebenzini yezemfundo. Le ndlela ingakhulisa ugqozi kanye nokuzibandakanya ngokwenza ukufunda kujabulise kakhudlwana. Imidlalo yezemfundo kanye nokulingisa kunganikeza nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo, okusebenzayo endaweni ebonakalayo, okuthuthukisa ukuqonda kanye nokugcina.
### Iqiniso Elingokoqobo Nelingeziwe
Ubuchwepheshe be-VR kanye ne-AR bunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda okujulile okungathuthukisa ukuqonda nokuzibandakanya. Isibonelo, abafundi bezokwelapha bangasebenzisa i-VR ukulingisa ukuhlinzwa, kanti abafundi bomlando bangathatha uhambo olubonakalayo oluya empucukweni yasendulo. Lobu buchwepheshe benza imiqondo engaqondakali ibonakale futhi ikhumbuleke.
## Amasu Okuqonda Nokuqonda Izinto Ezingashintshi
### Ukuphindaphinda Okunezikhala
Ukuphindaphinda okunezikhala kuyindlela yokufunda ehilela ukubuyekeza ulwazi ngezikhathi ezandayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le ndlela isebenzisa umphumela wesikhala sengqondo ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-Anki zisebenzisa ama-algorithms okuphindaphinda okunezikhala ukusiza abafundi ukuba bakhumbule isilulumagama, amaqiniso, kanye nemibono kahle.
### Umkhuba Wokubuyisa
Ukuzijwayeza ukubuyisa ulwazi kuhilela ukukhumbula ulwazi ngenkuthalo kunokufunda kabusha noma ukulalela okuqukethwe ngaphandle kokwenza lutho. Amasu afana namakhadi okukhumbula, izivivinyo zokuzijwayeza, kanye nokufingqa lokho umuntu akufundile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwenkumbulo nokuqonda. Le ndlela iguqula isenzo sokukhumbula sibe ithuluzi lokufunda elinamandla.
### Ukuzindla Kwe-Metacognitive
Ukuqaphela izinto ngendlela exakile kubhekisela “ekucabangeni ngokucabanga.” Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bazindle ngezinqubo zabo zokufunda kubasiza ukuba baqaphele kakhudlwana amandla abo nezindawo okufanele bazithuthukise. Amasu anjengokuzihlola, ukuzibekela imigomo, kanye nokubhala phansi izinto ngendlela exakile kungakhuthaza ukuqaphela izinto ngendlela exakile. Lokhu kuzazi kwenza abafundi bakwazi ukusebenzisa amasu asebenza kahle futhi babe abafundi abazimele.
## Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Ezingokomzwelo Nezengqondo
### Umqondo Wokukhula
Umqondo kaCarol Dweck wengqondo yokukhula ugcizelela inkolelo yokuthi amakhono angathuthukiswa ngokuzinikela nokusebenza kanzima. Ukukhuthaza ingqondo yokukhula kubafundi kungandisa ukuqina, ugqozi, kanye nokuzimisela ukubhekana nezinselele. Othisha bangakhuthaza le ndlela yokucabanga ngokukhuthaza umzamo kunokuba bathuthukise ikhono labo lokuzalwa kanye nokukhuthaza ukuphikelela.
### Ukunciphisa Ukukhathazeka Nokucindezeleka
Ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kungaphazamisa kakhulu ukufunda. Ukudala indawo yokufunda esekelayo neyakhayo kubalulekile. Izindlela ezinjengokuqaphela, amasu okulawula ukucindezeleka, kanye nokunikeza impendulo eyakhayo kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela yokufunda iyonke.
### Isisusa
Isisusa esingaphakathi nesingaphandle sidlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokufunda. Abafundi abashukunyiswa yingqondo bahlanganyela nokuqukethwe ngoba bakuthola kuthakazelisa futhi kuzuzisa, kuyilapho abafundi abashukunyiswa yingqondo baqhutshwa yimivuzo yangaphandle efana namamaki noma ukuqashelwa. Ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokukhulisa isisusa esingaphakathi nokunikeza izisusa ezifanele zangaphandle kungathuthukisa ukuzibandakanya nokuphikelela.
## Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo
### Ukuxhumana Kwangempela
Ukuxhumanisa okuqukethwe kokufunda nezimo nezinkinga zangempela kungenza kube okufanelekile futhi okunenjongo kakhudlwana. Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi, ama-internship, kanye namathuba okufunda ngezinsizakalo kuvumela abafundi ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi lwethiyori ezimweni ezisebenzayo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo akugcini nje ngokuqinisa ukufunda kodwa futhi kuhlomisa abafundi ngamakhono nokuzethemba kokubhekana nezinselele zangempela.
### Impendulo Eqhubekayo
Impendulo eqhubekayo ibalulekile ekufundeni okuphumelelayo. Kusiza abafundi baqonde intuthuko yabo, babone izindawo okufanele bathuthuke kuzo, futhi bahlale benogqozi. Ukuhlola okwakhayo, impendulo yontanga, kanye nokubonisana nomuntu ngamunye kuyithuluzi eliwusizo ekuhlinzekeni impendulo ngesikhathi esifanele neyakhayo.
## Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokufunda ezisebenzayo kuwumzamo onezici eziningi odinga ukuqonda okujulile kwemibono yokufunda, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nokugxila ezicini zokuqonda nezemizwa. Ngokwamukela indlela egxile kubafundi, kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene, kanye nokwakha indawo esekelayo nekhuthazayo, othisha nabafundi ndawonye bangathuthukisa ulwazi lokufunda futhi bathole imiphumela engcono yemfundo. Esikhathini lapho ulwazi lungamandla, ukutshala imali ezindleleni zokufunda ezisebenzayo akugcini nje ngokuzuzisa kodwa kubalulekile ekukhuleni komuntu siqu kanye nomphakathi.
