Amasu Okunyathelisa Nge-Lithography Yobuciko Bezithombe
I-Lithography iyindlela yokunyathelisa enomlando omude ezweni lobuciko bezithombe. Le ndlela yaziwa ngekhono layo lokukhiqiza ikhwalithi yemigqa emihle, ukuhlukahluka kwethoni okucebile, kanye nezinhlamvu ezibonakalayo ezihlukile—kusukela ekushayweni okuthambile kuya ekuthungeni okubonakalayo. Ngokungafani namasu okunyathelisa okukhululeka njengokunyathelisa ngokhuni noma i-intaglio njengokuchoma, i-lithography isebenza ngesimiso samakhemikhali esilula: amanzi namafutha kuyaxoshana. Lesi simiso sibe sesiyisisekelo senqubo yokukopisha izithombe ephepheni, kokubili ngombala omnyama nomhlophe nombala.
Umlando Omfushane We-Lithography
I-Lithography yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ngu-Alois Senefelder, umbhali nomsunguli waseJalimane. Ekuqaleni, i-lithography yathuthuka njengendlela yokukhiqiza kabusha umbhalo nezithombe ngezinjongo zokushicilela ngoba yayishesha futhi iyonga kakhulu kunezinye izindlela zokunyathelisa ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaculi abaningi basebenzisa i-lithography njengendlela yokuveza ubuciko. Ekhulwini le-19 nele-20, i-lithography yathandwa kakhulu abaculi baseYurophu, ikakhulukazi kumaphosta, imidwebo, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko yezithombe enohlobo olulinganiselwe . Abaculi abanjengoHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec baziwa kabanzi ngamaphosta akhe e-lithography, ayenamandla ngomklamo nombala.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokubhala Izincwadi
Isihluthulelo se-lithography sisekuhlanganeni kwezinto ezinamafutha (ezinamafutha) namanzi. Ubuso be-lithography cliche—ngokuvamile i-limestone noma ipuleti lensimbi njenge-aluminium—bulungiswa ngendlela yokuthi indawo yesithombe “ingakwazi ukubamba” i-inki enamafutha, kuyilapho indawo engeyona isithombe ixosha i-inki ngoba igcina amanzi.
Ngamafuphi, isimiso sithi:
– Indawo yesithombe yenziwe ngezinto ezinamafutha (isib. amakhrayoni e-lithography noma i-inki ye-tusche).
– Izindawo ezingezona izithombe ziphathwa njengezithanda amanzi (ezithanda amanzi).
– Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphrinta, indawo engaphansi imanziswa ngamanzi kuqala ukuze indawo engeyona isithombe imunce amanzi.
– Uyinki onamafutha ube usugoqwa phezu kobuso; uyinki unamathela endaweni yesithombe kuphela.
Lesi simiso esilula sivumela umdwebi ukuthi adwebe ngqo ebusweni betshe/ipuleti, ngakho-ke i-lithography ivame ukuzwakala isondelene nesenzo sokudweba kunezinye izindlela zokudweba "eziqoshiwe" noma "eziqoshwe" kakhulu epuletini.
Amathuluzi Nezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kaningi
Ekwenzeni i-lithography, amathuluzi nezinto ezilandelayo zivame ukusetshenziswa:
1. Itshe le-Lithography noma ipuleti le-aluminium
Itshe linikeza ikhwalithi yokunyathelisa ethambile kakhulu futhi eqinile, kodwa liyasinda futhi lidinga ukulungiswa. Amapuleti e-aluminium awusizo kakhulu, alula, futhi afanelekela ama-studio anezindawo ezimbalwa.
2. Amakhrayoni e-Lithography kanye ne-tusche
Amakhrayoni e-lithography atholakala ngamazinga ahlukahlukene obulukhuni, akhiqiza amaphethini emigqa ahlukile. I-Tusche (inki ewuketshezi) ivumela ukushaywa kwamabhulashi okunoketshezi, ama-gradients, kanye nokuthungwa.
3. I-gum arabic kanye ne-asidi (etch)
Ingxube ye-gum arabic kanye nenani elincane le-asidi (ngokuvamile i-nitric acid etsheni noma isisombululo esikhethekile epuletini) isetshenziselwa "ukuvala" isithombe ngenkathi yenza izindawo ezingezona izithombe zamukele amanzi.
4. I-roller ye-inki (i-brayer/i-roller)
Ukufaka i-lithography ngoyinki ngokulinganayo.
5. Uyinki we-Lithography
Uyinki okhethekile ojiyile futhi onamafutha, otholakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene.
6. Umshini wokucindezela we-Lithography
Kusetshenziswa ukufaka ingcindezi yokudlulisa uyinki ephepheni. Amanye ama-studio angasebenzisa umshini wokucindezela okhethekile noma okunye okwenziwa ngesandla, yize imiphumela ingahluka.
7. Iphepha lokuphrinta
Ngokuvamile iphepha lobuciko elisezingeni eliphezulu, njengephepha likakotini noma iphepha elikhethekile lezithombe elingamunca kahle uyinki.
Izigaba Zenqubo Yokuphrinta ye-Lithography
Nakuba kunezindlela ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe kuye ngokuthi i-studio kanye nohlobo lwe-cliche, izigaba eziyisisekelo ze-lithography zivame ukufaka izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukulungiswa Komphezulu
Uma usebenzisa itshe, ubuso kumele buqale bupholishwe futhi buhlungwe ukuze kususwe noma yisiphi isithombe sangaphambilini futhi kufezwe ukuthungwa okufiselekayo. Kumapuleti e-aluminium, ubuso bulungele futhi ukwamukela isithombe kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezilandelayo.
2. Ukudalwa Kwezithombe
Abaculi badweba ngqo etsheni noma epuletini besebenzisa amakhrayoni e-lithographic, amapensela e-lithographic, noma ama-tusches. Kulesi sigaba, inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yezinzuzo ze-lithography, njengoba abaculi bengakha imigqa, ukuchamisela, ukushaywa, ngisho nemiphumela "yokugeza" efana ne-watercolor.
3. Inqubo Yokuqopha (Ukukhiya Isithombe)
Uma isithombe sesiqediwe, ubuso bumbozwa nge-gum arabic exutshwe nenani elithile lesisombululo se-asidi. Umgomo uwukwenza okulandelayo:
– Kuqinisa indawo yesithombe ukuze yenze "imukeleke" kakhulu ku-inki.
– Kwenza izindawo ezingezona izithombe zingabi manzi ukuze zigcine amanzi.
Le nqubo kumele yenziwe ngokucophelela ngoba ukuqina kakhulu kungalimaza ikhwalithi yesithombe, kanti ubuthakathaka kakhulu bungabangela ukuthi uyinki "ugcobe" izindawo ezingenalutho.
4. Ukususwa Kwezinto Zesithombe (Ukuhlanza)
Kwezinye izindlela, izinto ezibonakalayo ezinamafutha ebusweni ziyagezwa kusetshenziswa isinyibilikisi, kodwa "iminonjana" yamakhemikhali ayo ihlala inamathele, ishiya indawo i-oleophilic (yamukela i-inki esekelwe kumafutha). Lesi ngokuvamile yisikhathi esibalulekile ku-lithography: isithombe sibonakala sinyamalala, kodwa empeleni silondolozwe ngamakhemikhali.
5. Ukumanzisa Nokufaka Inki
Ngaphambi kokunyathelisa ngakunye, itshe/ipuleti limanziswa ngesiponji noma indwangu emanzi. Amanzi azohlala ezindaweni ezingezona izithombe. Ngemva kwalokho, i-roller ye-inki igoqwa izikhathi eziningana kuze kube yilapho i-inki inamathela ezindaweni zesithombe.
Ukulinganisela kwamanzi noyinki kubalulekile emphumeleni wokugcina. Amanzi amaningi kakhulu azokwenza kube nzima ukunamathela kuyiyinki. Amanzi amancane kakhulu azokwenza ukuthi iyinki igcobe ezindaweni ezingenalutho.
6. Inqubo Yokuphrinta
Iphepha libekwa etsheni/epuletini bese licindezelwa. Inani elifanele lokucindezela lidlulisela uyinki ebusweni be-cliche liye ephepheni. Ngemva kokuphrinta, iphepha liyaphakanyiswa kancane bese lomiswa. Le nqubo iyaphindwa kuhlelo ngalunye.
I-Color Lithography kanye Nezinhlelo Zokubhalisa
I-Lithography ayigcini nje ngokuba mnyama nomhlophe. Ukuze udale imibala enemibala, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– Amapuleti amaningi/amatshe amaningi: umbala ngamunye usebenzisa itshe/ipuleti elihlukile. Iphepha linyatheliswa izikhathi eziningi ngokulandelana kombala othize.
– Umthombo ohlukanisiwe/ukugoqwa kombala: imibala eminingana ibekwa ku-roll/indawo eyodwa yeyinki ukuze kukhiqizwe ukushintsha kombala, kodwa ukulawula kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ku-lithography yombala, ukubhaliswa (ukubekwa kwemibala ngendlela eqondile) kubalulekile. Abaculi bavame ukusebenzisa izimpawu zokubhalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba ngalunye lombala luwela endaweni efanayo.
Izinzuzo kanye Nezinselele ze-Lithography
Izinzuzo:
– Uhlamvu lwemigqa kanye nokuthungwa kucebile kakhulu, kuzwakala kungokwemvelo njengokudweba ngesandla.
– Kufanelekela imininingwane emincane kanye nezindawo ezibanzi zethoni.
– Kungenziwa ngezinguqulo ezilinganiselwe ngekhwalithi efanayo.
Inselele:
– Kudinga imishini ekhethekile namakhemikhali.
– Le nqubo inde kakhulu futhi idinga ukunemba, ikakhulukazi ibhalansi yamanzi neyinki.
– Amatshe e-Lithography asinda futhi akulula ukuwaphatha ngaphandle kwezinsiza ezanele.
I-Lithography Emsebenzini Wokuphrinta Wanamuhla
Esikhathini samanje, i-lithography isasebenza. Ama-studio amaningi ezithombe ahlanganisa i-lithography namanye amasu afana nokuphrinta kwesikrini, i-monoprint, ngisho nezinto zedijithali—isibonelo, ukudala umdwebo wedijithali, bese uwudlulisela epuletini le-lithography ukuze uphrinte ngesandla. Le ndlela yandisa amathuba okubona ngenkathi igcina ukuhluka kwe-lithography: uprinti ngalunye lugcina umuzwa walo owenziwe ngesandla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lithography ivame ukukhethwa kumaphrojekthi okubambisana phakathi kwabaculi nabaphrinta abangochwepheshe (abaphrinta abangochwepheshe). Lolu hlobo lokubambisana luvumela ukuhlola okujulile kobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zephepha, uyinki okhethekile, kanye nokuhlolwa kombhalo okungatholakali kalula ngezinye izindlela zokunyathelisa.
I-Penutup
I-Lithography ithatha indawo ebalulekile ekwenzeni okuphrintiwe, ihlanganisa ubuhle bezimiso zamakhemikhali nenkululeko yokudweba ngqo. Kusukela emlandweni wayo njengobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kabusha kuya endimeni yayo njengendlela yokuveza ubuciko, i-lithography inikeza amathuba amakhulu okubona—kokubili imisebenzi engabonakali kahle kanye nemibala eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo, izinyathelo zenqubo, kanye nezinselele ezihilelekile, abaculi bangahlola i-lithography njengendlela ecebile, yakudala ehlala ikhanya emisebenzini yanamuhla yokwenza okuphrintiwe .
