Amasu Okunyathelisa Endabuko Okwenza Ukunyathelisa
Ukuphrinta kunomlando omude ohlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuphrinta. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kube nobuchwepheshe bedijithali, abaculi bathembele ezinqubweni ezenziwe ngezandla ukuze badlulise izithombe kusuka ku-matrix ziye kwenye indawo, njengephepha noma indwangu. Le nqubo ayikhiqizanga nje kuphela imisebenzi engakhiqizwa kabusha, kodwa futhi yaveza izici ezibonakalayo ezihlukile: ukuthungwa, izimpawu zokucindezela, ukungapheleli okubalulekile, kanye "nezimpawu" ezibonakalayo zesandla somculi. Ngokomongo wobuciko obuhle, amasu okuphrinta endabuko akuzona nje izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha, kodwa futhi ayindlela yokuveza ngolimi lwabo lobuhle. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu amaningana okuphrinta endabuko asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ukuphrinta, kanye nezinqubo eziyisisekelo nezici zalo ngalinye.
Ukuqonda Ubuciko Bezithombe Nokunyathelisa Kwendabuko
Ukuphrinta kuyigatsha lobuciko obuhle eligxile enkambisweni yokuphrinta, okungukuthi ukudlulisa isithombe sisuka endaweni yokubhekisela (i-matrix) siye kwenye indlela. Igama eliyinhloko ekwenzeni ukuphrinta yi-matrix: kungaba ukhuni, i-linoleum, insimbi, itshe, noma isikrini. Kubizwa ngokuthi "indabuko" ngoba le ndlela igcizelela izinqubo ezenziwa ngesandla, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi avamile, kanye nezigaba zomsebenzi ezilandela imithetho yesitudiyo sezithombe sakudala.
Ukuhluka kokushicilela kusekukwazini kwayo ukukhiqiza izinhlelo, okungukuthi, umsebenzi ofanayo ophrintwa izikhathi eziningi ngekhwalithi efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuphrinta ngakunye kusenamandla okubonisa umehluko omncane ngenxa yokucindezela kwesandla, ukusatshalaliswa kweyinki, noma isimo sephepha. Yilokho okukhanga: uchungechunge "olufanayo kodwa olungafani ncamashi."
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamasu Okunyathelisa Endabuko
Ngokuvamile, amasu okunyathelisa endabuko ekwenzeni ukunyathelisa angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ezibanzi: ukunyathelisa okusizayo, ukunyathelisa kwe-intaglio, i-planography, kanye nokunyathelisa nge-stencil/screen. Ngayinye inesimiso esihlukile sokusebenza sokubeka uyinki bese uyidlulisela endaweni yokunyathelisa.
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1. Umbhalo Wokuphrinta: I-Woodcut ne-Linocut
a. Ukuqoshwa Kokhuni (Ukuqoshwa Kokhuni/Ukudweba Ngokhuni)
Ukusika ngokhuni kungenye yezindlela zokunyathelisa ezindala kakhulu. I-matrix yibhodi lokhuni elingaphezulu kwalo kuqoshwe kusetshenziswa i-chisel noma i-chisel. Izindawo eziqoshiwe (ezihluziwe) ziba izindawo "ezingaphrinti", kuyilapho izindawo eziphakanyisiwe zithola uyinki bese ziphrintwa ephepheni.
Inqubo eyisisekelo:
1. Yenza umdwebo phezu kokhuni (ngokuvamile udwetshwe ubheke phansi/uboniswe esibukweni).
2. Sika ingxenye engemihle usebenzisa ithuluzi lokusika.
3. Faka uyinki endaweni ephakeme usebenzisa i-roller (brayer).
4. Namathisela iphepha bese ucindezela (ngesandla ngesipuni/isitofu noma usebenzisa umshini wokucindezela).
5. Phakamisa iphepha bese womisa imiphumela yokuphrinta.
Izici ezibonakalayo: ukuthungwa kwezinhlamvu zokhuni kungavela, imigqa ivame ukuba bukhali, umehluko unamandla, futhi umphumela "unzima" ngendlela ecacile.
b. I-Linocut (Ukusika i-Linoleum)
Isimiso sifana nokusika ngokhuni, kodwa i-matrix isebenzisa i-linoleum ethambile, engenamicu eminingi. I-Linocut ithandwa ngoba kulula ukuyiqopha, ifanele izimo ezilula, izindawo eziyisicaba, kanye nemiklamo yezithombe eqinile.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imigqa ehlanzekile nebushelelezi kunemidwebo yokhuni, amasimu anombala oyisicaba, afanele isitayela sephosta noma sokudweba.
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2. Ukuphrinta kwe-Intaglio: Ukuqopha, Ukuqopha, kanye ne-Drypoint
Ngokungafani nokuphrinta okucindezela kakhulu, ukuphrinta okujulile kusebenzisa uyinki "ezimbotsheni" (imifantu) ebusweni be-matrix, ngokuvamile ipuleti lensimbi njengethusi noma i-zinc. Ngemva kokuba uyinki isetshenziswe ebusweni bonke, uyinki ophezulu uyasulwa, kushiye uyinki emiseleni. Iphepha elimanzi licindezelwa ngokuqinile kusetshenziswa umshini wokucindezela ukuze ungene emifantuni bese uthatha uyinki.
a. Ukuqopha
Ukuqopha kwenziwa ngokuklwebha ipuleti lensimbi ngqo usebenzisa i-burin (i-chisel ekhethekile). Le ndlela idinga ukulawulwa okuphezulu ngoba umugqa ngamunye uhlala unomphela.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imigqa ebukhali, imininingwane emincane, ukubukeka okuhle nokunembile.
b. Ukuqopha
Ukugcaba kusebenzisa amakhemikhali (i-asidi) "ukuluma" epuletini. Ipuleti limbozwa ngomhlabathi (ungqimba oluvikelayo), bese lilandelwa ngenaliti yokugcaba ukuze liveze insimbi. Ipuleti libe selicwiliswa esixazululweni se-asidi, esigugula izindawo eziveziwe zibe yimigqa.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imigqa ingaba nkulu futhi iveze kakhudlwana, ifane nemidwebo edwetshwe ngesandla ngepeni.
c. Indawo eyomile
I-Drypoint idalwa ngokuqopha ipuleti elingena-asidi. Ukuqopha kukhiqiza ama-burrs (ama-flakes ensimbi amancane) abamba uyinki futhi adale umugqa othambile, othambile.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imigqa “enoboya”, ecebile ngezinto ezihlukile, kodwa uhlelo olulinganiselwe ngoba i-burr iyaguga kalula.
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3. I-Planography: I-Lithography
I-Lithography isebenza ngesimiso sokuxosha phakathi kwamafutha namanzi. I-matrix yendabuko ye-lithography yi-limestone. Umdwebi udweba itshe esebenzisa into enamafutha (ikhrayoni ye-lithography). Ngemva kokwelashwa ngesisombululo esithile samakhemikhali, indawo yesithombe izokwamukela uyinki osekelwe kumafutha, kanti indawo engeyona isithombe izogcina amanzi futhi ixoshe uyinki.
Inqubo eyisisekelo ngamafuphi:
1. Ukudweba etsheni le-lithography.
2. Cubungula itshe ukuze izithombe nezindawo ezingezona izithombe “zihlukaniswe” ngamakhemikhali.
3. Manzisa ubuso ngamanzi.
4. Uyinki onamafutha ogoqekayo; uyinki unamathela esithombeni kuphela.
5. Ukuphrinta ngomshini wokushicilela we-lithography.
Izici ezibonakalayo: zicebile kakhulu nge-gradation, zingafana nemidwebo yepensela, yamalahle, noma yamabhulashi. I-Lithography idume ngekhono layo lokuthwebula ama-nuances amancane ethoni.
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4. Ukuphrinta Isikrini (I-Stencil): Ukuphrinta Isikrini/Isikrini Sesilika
Ukuphrinta kwesikrini kusebenzisa isikrini sendwangu esifakwe ohlakeni. Izindawo ezithile zimboziwe (zivaliwe) ukuze uyinki udlule ezindaweni eziveziwe kuphela. Le ndlela ingenziwa ngesandla nge-squeegee futhi ifanele ukuphrinta ezintweni ezahlukahlukene: iphepha, indwangu, ipulasitiki, ngisho nokhuni.
Izindlela zendabuko ezivamile:
– I-stencil yephepha: izingxenye zesithombe ziyasikwa, bese zinamathiselwa ukuze kuvinjwe izindawo ezithile.
– I-Emulsion/ukuphrinta: isikrini simbozwe nge-emulsion ezwela ukukhanya, umklamo ufakwa efilimini, bese isithombe sivezwa.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imibala eqinile, ekhanyayo, izindawo eziqinile eziyisicaba, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kombala. Ukuphrinta kwesikrini kusekela nokukhiqizwa komthamo omkhulu ngokuhambisana okuphezulu.
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Inani Lobuhle Nobuhle Bamasu Endabuko
Amasu okunyathelisa endabuko ahlala efanele ngoba anikeza ikhwalithi ebonakalayo okunzima ukuyiphinda ngokugcwele kwimidiya yedijithali. Ukuthungwa "okuphilayo" kweyinki, izimpawu zokucindezela ephepheni (amamaki epuleti ku-intaglio), kanye nokungalungi okuncane okuvela ngesikhathi sokunyathelisa kuba yingxenye yobunikazi bomsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yendabuko ifundisa isiyalo somsebenzi esihlelekile: ukuhlela isithombe, ukuqonda okuhle nokubi, ukuphathwa kohlelo, ngisho nokukhetha iphepha neyinki.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi "intando yeningi": i-matrix eyodwa ingakhiqiza imisebenzi eminingi, okwenza ubuciko butholakale kalula kunomsebenzi owodwa (oyingqayizivele). Kodwa-ke, abaculi basengakwazi ukugcina ukukhethekile ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe, izinombolo, kanye nokusayina.
I-Penutup
Amasu okunyathelisa endabuko abonisa inhlanganisela yekhono lesandla, ulwazi lwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokuzwela kobuciko. Kusukela ekusikweni kokhuni okunamandla nokuphambene, kuya ekubhalweni okuthambile nokunemininingwane, kuya ekubhalweni okucebile kwethoni, kuya esikrinini sesilika esinesibindi nesimanje, inqubo ngayinye inikeza umlingiswa oyingqayizivele owandisa amathuba okuveza obala komculi. Ukuqonda lawa masu akugcini nje ngokucebisa umlando wobuciko kodwa futhi kuvula indlela eya emkhubeni wokudala ojulile—ngoba ekwenzeni okunyathelisayo, inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina. Uma kulandelwa, ukwenza okunyathelisayo kwendabuko kungaba yindawo yokuhlola okungapheli: inhlanganisela yokuhlola, ukuphikelela, kanye nezimanga ezibonakalayo ezingavela kuphela esandleni nasemshinini wokunyathelisa.
