Amasu Okunyathelisa Ubuciko Bezithombe Okufanele Uwazi
Ukuphrinta kuyigatsha lobuciko obuhle eligxile enkambisweni yokuphrinta ukuze kukhiqizwe imisebenzi ebonakalayo. Ngokungafani nemidwebo, ngokuvamile ewukuphrinta okukodwa, ukuphrinta kuvumela abaculi ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo eziningi, ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-matrix noma "ipuleti lokuphrinta" elingasetshenziswa kabusha. Kodwa-ke, ukuphrinta ngakunye kungahlala kuhlukile kuye ngokuthi inqubo, uyinki, iphepha, kanye nendlela yokuphrinta. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuphrinta akubanga nje yindlela yokuveza ubuciko kodwa futhi kwaba yingxenye yomlando wokuxhumana okubonakalayo—kusukela ezincwadini nasemaphosta kuya emisebenzini yesimanje kumagalari. Nazi izindlela zokuphrinta zokuphrinta okufanele uzazi, kanye nezici zazo, amathuluzi, kanye namandla.
1. Ukuphrinta Okuphezulu (Ukuphrinta Okulula)
Ukuphrinta okuphakanyisiwe kuyindlela lapho indawo ephrintiwe ibekwa khona endaweni ephakeme. Izindawo okungafanele ziphrintiwe ziyasikwa noma ziklwejwe ukuze kudalwe indawo ephansi. Uma uyinki ufakwa endaweni ephezulu, izindawo eziphakanyisiwe zithola uyinki, bese udluliselwa ephepheni ngengcindezi.
Izibonelo zamasu okunyathelisa aphezulu:
– Ukusika ngokhuni: I-matrix esebenzisa ibhodi lokhuni. Izici ezibonakalayo zivame ukuba nesibindi, zihluke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibe nokwakheka ngenxa yezinhlamvu zokhuni.
– I-Linocut: Isebenzisa i-linoleum ethambile kunezinkuni, ngakho kulula ukuyisika futhi ikhiqiza imigqa ebushelelezi kanye nezindawo ezihlanzekile.
Izinzuzo: kulula kakhulu ukuzifunda kwabaqalayo, izindleko zemishini ezingabizi kakhulu, imiphumela ingabonakala inesibindi futhi iveza imizwa.
Izinselele: ukulungiswa kunzima ngoba izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zisikiwe; kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwazo.
2. Ukuphrinta kwe-Intaglio
Okuphambene nokuphrinta okucindezela kakhulu, ukuphrinta okujulile kusebenzisa indawo "egobile" njengendawo yokugcina uyinki. Uyinki ufakwa emihubheni noma emigodini epuletini (ngokuvamile insimbi), bese kuhlanzwa ubuso bepuleti, kushiyeke uyinki kuphela ezindaweni ezigobile. Iphepha elimanzi libe selicindezelwa ngokuqinile kusetshenziswa umshini wokucindezela, ophoqa iphepha ukuba lingene emiseleni bese limunca uyinki.
Izinhlobo ezidumile ze-intaglio:
– Ukuqopha (ukuqopha ngensimbi): Ukuklwebheka okwenziwe ngesiseyili esibukhali (i-burin). Umphumela uba imigqa enemininingwane, eqondile, kanye nomuzwa "wakudala".
– Ukuqopha: Ipuleti lensimbi limbozwe ngengqimba yomhlabathi evikelayo, bese liyaklwejwa ukuze kuvezwe izindawo ezithile, bese licwiliswa ku-asidi ukuze kugugule izindawo eziveziwe. Le ndlela ivumela imigqa yoketshezi, efana nokudweba.
– Indawo eyomile: Ukuqopha ipuleti ngqo ngaphandle kwe-asidi. Ukuqopha kukhiqiza ama-burrs (imicu yensimbi emincane) enikeza umugqa othambile nocebile, kodwa uguga ngokushesha, okwenza kube uhlobo olulinganiselwe.
– I-Aquatint: Ukudala amathoni nama-gradients ngama-granule e-resin afudumele, bese kugaywa nge-asidi. Kufanelekela imiphumela efana nokuwasha nge-watercolor noma ama-nuances omoya.
Izinzuzo: ikwazi ukukhiqiza imininingwane ephezulu kakhulu kanye nezincazelo ezicebile zethoni.
Izinselele: amathuluzi nezinto ezibizayo, ubuchwepheshe obuningi, kudinga ukuphepha emsebenzini (ikakhulukazi ukuqopha ngamakhemikhali), futhi kudinga umshini wokunyathelisa.
3. Ukuphrinta Okuyisicaba (I-Planography/I-Lithography)
I-Planography isebenza ngesimiso sokuthi uwoyela namanzi akuhlangani. Indawo yokunyathelisa ihlala ithambekile—azikho izindawo eziphakanyisiwe noma ezicwilisiwe. Indlela eyaziwa kakhulu yi-lithography, eyayisebenzisa i-limestone (i-lithostone), yize abaningi manje besebenzisa amapuleti e-aluminium (i-offset/lithoplate).
Inqubo: isithombe sakhiwa ngezinto ezinamafutha (ikhrayoni ye-lithography noma i-inki ekhethekile) ebusweni betshe/ipuleti. Ubuso bube sebuphathwa ngesisombululo samakhemikhali ukuze izindawo zesithombe zithole i-inki enamafutha, kuyilapho izindawo ezingezona izithombe zigcina amanzi futhi zixoshe i-inki. Ngesikhathi sokuphrinta, ubuso buyamanziswa, i-inki iyagoqwa, bese isithombe siyanyatheliswa.
Izinzuzo: kuhle kakhulu ngekhwalithi yokudweba edwetshwe ngesandla, kufaka phakathi ukuthungwa kwepensela/ikhrayoni.
Izinselele: inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, idinga amathuluzi obuchwepheshe nolwazi, kanye nezindawo ezanele zesitudiyo.
4. Ukuphrinta kwesikrini (i-Serigraphy)
Ukuphrinta nge-silkscreen kuyindlela yokuphrinta ehilela ukusunduza uyinki esikrinini eseluliwe phezu kohlaka. Izindawo ongafuni ukuthi uyinki idlule kuzo zimbozwe nge-emulsion (i-photo emulsion) noma i-stencil. Kusetshenziswa i-squeegee, uyinki uphoqeleka ukuthi udlule ezindaweni ezivulekile zesikrini bese udluliselwa kwimidiya yokuphrinta.
Le ndlela ithandwa kakhulu ngoba iyaguquguquka: ingaphrintwa ephepheni, endwangu, epulasitikini, okhunini, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingasicaba ngokuphelele.
Izici ezibonakalayo: imibala eqinile eqinile, amazinga aphansi kanye nokwenzeka kokufakwa kwemibala eqinile.
Izinzuzo: ifanele ukukhiqizwa kohlelo, imibala ingaba mhlophe/iqine kakhulu, ingasetshenziswa ezinkundleni eziningi.
Izinselele: ukubhaliswa (ukunemba kokuqondaniswa kombala) kudinga ukunemba; inqubo yokuphrinta idinga igumbi elimnyama/ukuphathwa kahle kwe-emulsion.
5. I-Monoprint kanye ne-Monotype (Umbhalo Owodwa)
Ezweni lobuciko bezithombe, akuzona zonke izithombe ezidingekayo ukuba zibe ziningi. I-Monotype kanye ne-monoprint zaziwa njengamasu akhiqiza imisebenzi ehlukile (eyingqayizivele).
– I-Monotype: Umdwebi upenda noma afake uyinki ngqo endaweni ebushelelezi (ingilazi, i-acrylic, ipuleti lensimbi), bese eyidlulisela ephepheni esebenzisa ukucindezela. Ngemva kokuphrinta, cishe akukho uyinki osele ukuze kuphrintwe okwesibili, ngakho umphumela uba ngowodwa.
– I-Monoprint: Inezici ze-matrix eziphindaphindwayo (isb. amapuleti anokuthungwa okuqinile), kodwa ukuphrinta ngakunye kuhlala kuhlukile ngenxa yokwelashwa okuhlukile kweyinki, ama-wipe, noma izithombe ezengeziwe.
Izinzuzo: kukhululekile, kuyazenzekela, futhi kufanelekile ukuhlola ukwakheka kanye nezimpawu zomzimba.
Izinselele: kunzima ukuziphinda; kudinga ukulungela ukwamukela imiphumela "engalindelekile".
6. Indlela Yokusebenzisa I-Collagraph (I-Colagraph)
I-Collagraph iyindlela esebenzisa i-collage matrix. Umdwebi wakha ubuso bepuleti ngokunamathisela izinto ezahlukahlukene—iphepha, indwangu, amaqabunga, ukuthungwa kwesihlabathi, intambo—bese esebenzisa i-sealant ukuqinisa ubuso. Lawa mapuleti angaphrintwa njengoprinti ocindezela kakhulu, ukucindezela okujulile, noma inhlanganisela, kuye ngokuthi uyinki usetshenziswa kanjani kanye nokucindezela.
Izinzuzo: ukuhlola kakhulu, kuvumela ukuthungwa okweqile nemiphumela ecebile.
Izinselele: amapuleti angawohloka ngokushesha uma engavalwanga kahle; imiphumela ingaba yinto engalindelekile; kudingeka ukuhlola ukuze kutholakale uyinki kanye nokucindezela okulungile.
7. Ukuphrinta Kwedijithali Njengengxenye Yomkhuba Wobuciko Bezithombe
Nakuba ukuphrinta kwendabuko kugcizelela izinqubo ezenziwe ngesandla, ukuphrinta kwedijithali (giclée, inkjet, risograph, laser print) manje sekuvame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuphrinta yesimanje—kungaba njengomsebenzi wokugcina, noma kuhlanganiswe namasu enziwe ngesandla (isb., ukuphrinta kwedijithali okulandelwa yi-serigraphy noma i-etching).
Izinzuzo: ukunemba okuphezulu, kulula ukudala ukuhlukahluka kwemibala, kuyashesha futhi kusebenza kahle ekuhleleni.
Izinselele: izinkinga zokuqina kweyinki/iphepha kumele zixazululwe; ukubaluleka "kokwenziwa ngezandla" kuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukusho ngokucacile indlela kanye nohlelo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uziqonde: I-Matrix, i-Edition, kanye ne-Numbering
Ekwenzeni ukuphrinta, igama elithi matrix libhekisela endaweni yokuphrinta (ipuleti lokhuni, i-linoleum, insimbi, isikrini, noma itshe). Kukule matrix lapho kwenziwa khona izinhlelo. Abaculi bavame ukunquma inani lezinhlelo bese bebala imisebenzi, isibonelo, 3/20 (ukuphrinta kwesithathu kwama-20). Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo, kukhona futhi:
– I-AP (Ubufakazi Bomculi): ukuphrinta okukhethekile komculi, ngokuvamile okulinganiselwe ngobuningi.
– TP (Ubufakazi Bokuzama): imiphumela yokuzama ngaphambi kohlelo lokugcina.
– I-HC (Hors Commerce): ayithengiswa, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinhloso zokubonisa noma zokugcina umlando.
Ukuqonda izinombolo kusiza ukubona umongo womsebenzi: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo olusemthethweni, ubufakazi bokuhlolwa, noma uhlobo oluhlukile.
Isiphetho
Amasu okwenza ukuphrinta ahlukene, kusukela ekuphrinteni okugqamile, "okuhlukile" okuphezulu kuya ekuphrinteni okujulile okunemininingwane eminingi nokuzwakalayo, i-lithography ethambile, edwetshwe ngesandla, i-serigraphy enemibala egqamile, kanye ne-monotypes yokuhlola nama-collagraph. Indlela ngayinye inikeza ulimi olubonakalayo oluhlukile futhi idinga indlela ehlukile yokucabanga nekhono. Ngokuzijwayeza ngala masu ayisihluthulelo, awukwazi nje ukuthola ukwazisa okujulile ngokwenza ukuphrinta kodwa futhi uqonde inqubo ende ngemuva kwekhasi ngalinye eliphrintiwe—inhlanganisela yokunemba, ukuhlola, kanye nobuciko.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukhethe indlela efanele kakhulu yabaqalayo (ngokusekelwe kwisabelomali sakho kanye nemigomo ebonakalayo), noma udale inguqulo yalesi sihloko egxile kakhulu ezinyathelweni ezisebenzayo kanye nohlu lwamathuluzi.
