Foromo ea Motlakase
Pendahuluan
Bokgoni ba motlakase ke mohopolo wa motheo fisiks ya motlakase o hlalosang matla a bokgoni ba motlakase ka yuniti e le nngwe sebakeng sa tshimo ya motlakase. O bapala karolo ya bohlokwa dikopong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletswa ho rala dipotoloho tsa motlakase, ho utlwisisa diketsahalo tsa motlakase le makenete, le ho sekaseka boitshwaro ba dikarolwana tse tjhajisitsweng. Sengoloa sena se tla bua ka tlhaloso ya bokgoni ba motlakase, diforomo tse amanang, mohopolo wa masimo a motlakase, ditshebediso tsa wona bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, le mehlala ya ho tebisa kutlwisiso.
Tlhaloso ea Bokhoni ba Motlakase
Matla a motlakase ntlheng e itseng tšimong ea motlakase a hlalosoa e le palo ea mosebetsi o etsoang ho tsamaisa tjhaja ea yuniti ho tloha ntlheng ea referense (hangata e sa feleng) ho ea ntlheng eo. Ho ea ka lipalo, matla a motlakase (\(V\)) a hlahisoa ka li-unit tsa volts (V) 'me a ka hlalosoa e le:
\[ V = \frac{W}{q} \]
Moo:
– \(V\) ke matla a motlakase,
– \(W\) ke mosebetsi o etsoang ho tsamaisa tjhaja,
– \(q\) ke boholo ba tefiso.
Foromo ea Motlakase bakeng sa Mehloli ea Lintlha
Bakeng sa tefiso ea ntlha \(Q\) e hlahisang tšimo ea motlakase, bokhoni ba motlakase \(V\) bo hole \(r\) ho tloha tefisong bo fanoa ke:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
Moo:
– \(V\) ke matla a motlakase,
– \(k\) ke constant ya Coulomb (\(8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2\)),
– \(Q\) ke boholo ba tefiso,
– \(r\) ke sebaka se tlohang tefisong ho ya moo bokgoni bo lekanngwang teng.
Tšimo ea Motlakase le Bokhoni ba Motlakase
Tšimo ea motlakase (\(E\)) ke bongata ba vekthara bo hlalosang matla ka yuniti tefiso e fumanoang ke tefiso ea teko sebakeng se itseng. Kamano pakeng tsa tšimo ea motlakase le matla a motlakase e ka hlalosoa ka tsela ena:
\[ \vec{E} = -\nabla V \]
Moo:
– \(\vec{E}\) ke tšimo ea motlakase,
– \(\nabla V\) ke gradient ya bokgoni ba motlakase.
Bokhoni ba Motlakase bakeng sa Litefiso tse 'maloa
Haeba ho na le ditefiso tse mmalwa tsa dintlha, bokgoni bohle ba motlakase ntlheng ke kakaretso ya algebraic ya bokgoni ba motlakase bo hlahiswang ke tefiso ka nngwe. Ka dipalo, bakeng sa ditefiso \(Q_1, Q_2, \ldots, Q_n\) tse fumanehang hole \(r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_n\) ho tloha ntlheng, bokgoni bohle ba motlakase \(V_{total}\) ke:
\[ V_{kakaretso} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{kQ_i}{r_i} \]
Bokhoni ba Motlakase ho Li-conductor
Ho mokhanni oa motlakase, litefiso tsa mahala li ka tsamaea habonolo. Ka lebaka leo, tšimo ea motlakase ka hare ho mokhanni ke lefela, 'me matla a motlakase a lula a tsitsitse ho pholletsa le mokhanni. Sena se bolela hore haeba re hokahanya lintlha tse peli ho mokhanni, ha ho na phapang ea matla pakeng tsa tsona.
Tšebeliso ea Bokhoni ba Motlakase Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Libetri le Lipotoloho tsa Motlakase
Betri ke mohloli oa matla a motlakase o hlahisang phapang e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa li-terminal tsa eona tse ntle le tse mpe. Phapang ena e ka bang teng e baka hore motlakase o phalle potolohong e koetsoeng, e fanang ka matla ho lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa elektroniki.
Kapastor
Capacitor ke sesebelisoa se bolokang matla ka mokhoa oa tšimo ea motlakase pakeng tsa lipoleiti tse peli tse tsamaisang motlakase tse arotsoeng ke dielectric. Matla a motlakase pakeng tsa lipoleiti a etsa qeto ea hore na a ka boloka bokae ba tjhaja.
Petir
Lehalima le hlaha ha ho bokellana ha litefiso tsa motlakase marung ho baka phapang e kholo ea bokhoni pakeng tsa leru le bokaholimo ba Lefatše. Ha phapang ena ea bokhoni e le kholo ka ho lekaneng, matla a motlakase a lokolloa ka mokhoa oa lehalima.
Lipotso le litharollo tsa mehlala
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Tefiso ea ntlha \(Q = 2 \, \mu \text{C}\) e beoa sebakeng se itseng. Bala matla a motlakase sebakeng sa limithara tse 0,5 ho tloha moo tefiso e leng teng.
Tharollo:
Ho sebelisa foromo ea motlakase bakeng sa tjhaja ea ntlha:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
Kenya boleng bo fanoeng:
\[ V = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times 2 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V = \frac{17.98 \makgetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{N m/C}}{0,5} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \makgetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \, \mongolo{kV} \]
Kahoo, matla a motlakase a bohōle ba limithara tse 0,5 ho tloha tefisong ke 35,96 kV.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2
Litefiso tse peli tsa lintlha \(Q_1 = 3 \, \mu \text{C}\) le \(Q_2 = -2 \, \mu \text{C}\) li behiloe sebakeng sa mithara e le 'ngoe le limithara tse 0,5 ho tloha ntlheng ea P. Bala kakaretso ea matla a motlakase ntlheng ea P.
Tharollo:
Ho sebelisa foromo ea matla a motlakase bakeng sa litefiso tse 'maloa:
\[ V_{kakaretso} = \frac{kQ_1}{r_1} + \frac{kQ_2}{r_2} \]
Kenya boleng bo fanoeng:
\[ V_{total} = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times 3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{1 \, \text{m}} + \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times (-2) \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V_{kakaretso} = 26.97 \ka makhetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} – 35.96 \ka makhetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
\[ V_{kakaretso} = -8.99 \ka makhetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
Kahoo, bokgoni bohle ba motlakase ntlheng ya P ke -8.99 kV.
Qetello
Bokgoni ba motlakase ke mohopolo wa bohlokwa o hlalosang matla a ka bang teng ka yuniti e le nngwe sebakeng se itseng tshimong ya motlakase. Ka ho utlwisisa diforomo tse amanang le bokgoni ba motlakase, tse kang \( V = \frac{W}{q} \) le \( V = \frac{kQ}{r} \), le tshebediso ya tsona maemong a fapaneng, re ka utlwisisa diketsahalo tsa motlakase hamolemo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Bokgoni ba motlakase bo na le dikopo tse ngata tse sebetsang, ho tloha moralong wa potoloho ya motlakase ho isa diketsahalong tsa tlhaho tse kang lehalima. Ka mathata a mehlala a kenyelleditsweng, ho tshepeha hore kutlwisiso ya mohopolo ona e tla ba e tebileng le e sebetsang haholoanyane.
