Ho Eketsa Polymerization: Mokhoa, Likopo, le Melemo Indastering
Pendahuluan
Polymerization ke karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale eo ho eona limolek'hule tse nyane tsa monomer li kopanang ho etsa limolek'hule tse kholo tse tsejoang e le li-polymer. E 'ngoe ea mefuta e tloaelehileng ea polymerization ke polymerization ea ho eketsa. Sehlooho sena se ikemiselitse ho hlalosa mokhoa oa motheo oa polymerization ea ho eketsa, lits'ebetso tsa eona tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri, le melemo eo e fanang ka eona.
Mokhoa oa ho Eketsa Polymerization
Ho eketsa polymerization, e tsejoang hape e le ketane polymerization, ke ts'ebetso eo ho eona li-monomers tse nang le maqhama a mabeli kapa lihlopha tse sebetsang tse arabelang li kopanang ka letoto la liketso tsa ho eketsa ho etsa polymer. Ts'ebetso ena e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: ho qalisoa, ho ata, le ho felisoa.
1. Letšolo
Ho qalisoa ke mohato oa pele oa ho polymerization moo li-radical tse lokolohileng kapa li-ion li thehoang e le mefuta e arabelang. Li-radical tsena tse lokolohileng hangata li hlahisoa ka ho bola ha mocheso kapa photochemical ha li-initiator tse kang li-peroxide kapa metsoako ea azo. Mohlala, ho bola ha li-peroxide:
\[ MORUO \motsu o nepahetseng 2RO\cdot \]
RO• e ka qala karabelo ka monomer (mohlala, ethylene):
\[ RO\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \motsu o nepahetseng RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
2. Ho ata ha
Mokhahlelong oa ho ata, li-free radical tse hlahisoang mohatong oa ho qala li arabela le li-monomer tse ling ho theha liketane tse telele tsa polymer. Nako le nako ha free radical e sebelisana le monomer e ncha, ketane ea polymer ea lelefala:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \motsu o nepahetseng RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
Ts'ebetso ena e tsoela pele ho fihlela li-monomer tse makholo ho isa ho tse likete li kopantsoe hore e be liketane tse telele tsa polymer.
3. Pheliso
Ho fela ke mohato oa ho qetela oa polymerization moo kholo ea ketane ea polymer e emisang. Ho fela ho ka etsahala ka mekhoa e fapaneng, joalo ka motsoako kapa ho se sebetse hantle. Ha e kopantsoe, li-free radical tse peli lia kopana ho etsa molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea polymer:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \motsu o nepahetseng RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-RO \]
Ka ho se leka-lekane, li-free radical tse haufi li fapanyetsana liathomo tsa haedrojene ho hlahisa limolek'hule tse peli tse sa koaheloang:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \motsu o nepahetseng RO-CH_2-CH_3 + CH_2=CH-RO \]
Litšebeliso tsa ho Eketsa Polymerization
Mokhoa oa ho eketsa polymerization o sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-polymer tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso ho pholletsa le liindasteri. Tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse ka sehloohong li kenyelletsa polasetiki, rabara ea maiketsetso le likhoele.
1. Polasetiki
Liplastiki ke lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa ho eketsa polymerization. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, le polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ke mehlala e tloaelehileng ea liplastiki tse hlahisoang ke ho eketsa polymerization:
– Polyethylene (PE): E sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang mekotla ea polasetiki, lintho tsa ho bapala tsa bana, le libotlolo tsa lino.
– Polypropylene (PP): E sebelisoa haholo tlhahisong ea thepa ea ka tlung, liphutheloana tsa lijo le likarolo tsa likoloi.
– Polystyrene (PS): E sebelisetsoa ho etsa lihlahisoa tse kang lijana tsa lijo, lisebelisoa tsa laboratori le ho kenya mocheso.
– Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): E sebediswa tlhahisong ya diphaephe, dikheibole le thepa ya kaho.
2. Rabara ea Maiketsetso
Lirabara tsa maiketsetso tse kang polybutadiene le styrene-butadiene (SBR) le tsona li hlahisoa ka ho eketsa polymerization. Lirabara tsena tsa maiketsetso li sebelisoa ho hlahiseng mabili a likoloi, lieta tsa lieta le lihlahisoa tse ling tse fapaneng tsa rabara.
3. Faeba
Likhoele tse ling tsa maiketsetso tse sebelisoang indastering ea masela le tsona li hlahisoa ka ho eketsa polymerization. Mehlala e kenyelletsa acrylic le polypropylene, tse sebelisoang tlhahisong ea liaparo, lik'hapete le masela a mang.
Melemo ea ho Eketsa Polymerization
Ho eketsa polymerization ho tlisa melemo e mengata e etsang hore e be le phaello e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri.
1. Bokgoni ba Tlhahiso
Ho eketsa polymerization ho dumella tlhahiso ya di-polymer tse kgolo tse nang le taolo e nyane hodima bolelele ba ketane le kabo ya boima ba dimolek'hule. Tshebetso ena e boetse e potlakile haholo ebile e bonolo ho e hlophisa, ka maemo a ka fetolwang ho hlahisa mefuta e mengata ya di-polymer.
2. Litšenyehelo tse tlase
Li-monomer tse sebelisoang ho phaella moo, polymerization ka kakaretso li theko e tlase ebile li fumaneha haholo. Ho feta moo, mokhoa ona o ka sebelisoa ka tšebeliso e fokolang ea matla, e leng se tlatsetsang ho boloka litšenyehelo ka kakaretso ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso.
3. Ho Feto-fetoha ha Lintho
Ho eketsa polymerization ho ka hlahisa di-polymer tse nang le mefuta e mengata ya thepa ya mmele le ya mechine. Ka ho fetola mofuta wa monomer kapa ho laola maemo a karabelo, bahlahisi ba ka etsa di-polymer tse etseditsweng ditlhoko tse itseng.
4. Ho Tšoarella le ho Tsitsisa
Li-polymer tse hlahisoang ka ho eketsa polymerization li atisa ho hanela haholo mabaka a fapaneng a tikoloho, ho kenyeletsoa mocheso, lik'hemik'hale le khatello ea 'mele. Sena se etsa hore li be ntle bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang ho tšoarella haholo, joalo ka thepa ea kaho le lisebelisoa tsa indasteri.
5. Recyclability
Li-polymer tse ngata tse eketsehileng, tse kang polyethylene le polypropylene, li ka sebelisoa hape, li tšehetsa boiteko ba ho boloka tikoloho le ho fokotsa litšila tsa tikoloho. Sena se bohlokoa haholo ha ho nahanoa ka tlhokomeliso e ntseng e hola ea tšusumetso ea tikoloho ea litšila tsa polasetiki.
Liphephetso le Litharollo
Ho sa tsotellehe melemo e mengata eo e fanang ka eona, ho eketsa polymerization ho boetse ho tobane le liphephetso tse 'maloa tse hlokang ho rarolloa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea eona le botsitso.
1. Taolo ea Thepa ea Polymer
Ho laola sebopeho le thepa ea li-polymer tse hlahisoang hangata ho thata. Bafuputsi ba tlameha ho tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho laola kabo ea boima ba limolek'hule le tlhophiso ea stereochemical ho fihlela ts'ebetso e ntle ka ho fetisisa.
2. Tšusumetso ea Tikoloho
Tlhahiso ea polymer hangata e na le litlamorao tse kholo tikolohong. Tšebeliso e sebetsang hantle ea lisebelisoa le mahlale a sireletsang tikoloho li tlameha ho ntlafatsoa khafetsa ho fokotsa sekhahla sa khabone lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso ea polymer.
3. Mesebetsi ea ho sebelisa hape
Ho ntshetsa pele mahlale a ho sebedisa hape a sebetsang hantle le a sebetsang hantle moruong ho bohlokwa bakeng sa ho laola bongata bo ntseng bo hola ba matlakala a polymer. Ntlafatso ya ho hlopha le ho sebetsana le matlakala a polasetiki e ka bapala karolo ya bohlokwa boitekong bona.
Qetello
Ho eketsa polymerization ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea mefuta e mengata ea li-polymer tse tšehetsang likarolo tse ngata tsa bophelo ba sejoale-joale. Ho tloha polasetiking le rabara ho ea ho likhoele tsa masela, mokhoa ona o nolofalletsa tlhahiso ea thepa e sebetsang hantle le e theko e tlaase. Leha o tobane le liphephetso tse ling, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le lipatlisiso e ka hlola litšitiso tsena le ho eketsa melemo ea ho eketsa polymerization. Ka nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea ts'ebeliso le ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso, ho eketsa polymerization ho tla lula e le karolo ea bohlokoa indastering ea lik'hemik'hale le ea tlhahiso, ho tšehetsa phetoho ho ea sechabeng se tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
