Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka ho Eketsa Polymerization
Ho etsa polymerization ke mokhoa oo ka oona li-monomer—limolek'hule tse nyane tse nang le meaho e tšoanang—li kopanang ho etsa limolek'hule tse kholoanyane tse bitsoang li-polymer. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea ho etsa polymerization: ho eketsa polymerization le ho etsa polymerization ea condensation. Sehlooho sena se tla tšohla e 'ngoe ea mefuta ena, ho eketsa polymerization, ka ho hatisa mehlala le puisano ho fana ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea mohopolo ona.
Ho Utloisisa ho Eketsa Polymerization
Ho eketsa polymerization ke mokhoa oo ho ona li-monomer li kopanang ntle le ho lahleheloa ke limolek'hule tse nyane tse kang metsi kapa HCl. Li-monomer tse amehang hangata ho eketsa polymerization ke li-alkenes le li-alkenes tse nang le polarized, tse nang le libonto tse habeli tsa carbon-carbon (C=C). Ha li-monomer tsena li arabela, libonto tse habeli lia robeha, e leng se lumellang li-monomer ho kopana ka liketane tse telele.
Mehlala ea li-polymer tse hlahisoang ka ho eketsa polymerization e kenyelletsa polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), le polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Li-polymer tsena kaofela li bohlokoa indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la matla a tsona, botsitso le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso.
Mokhoa oa ho Eketsa Polymerization
Mokhoa oa ho eketsa polymerization o ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo:
1. Qalo: Sethaleng seo ho sona di-radical kapa di-ion tse lokolohileng di thehwang ho qala karabelo.
2. Ho ata ha dimela: Sethaleng seo dimela tse nyane di tswelang pele ho kopana ho etsa diketane tse telele.
3. Qetello: Sethaleng seo karabelo e emang ho sona hobane liketane tse peli tsa free radical li kopana kapa free radicals li kopana le thibelo.
Ho hlakisa taba ena, mona ke puisano ea mehlala e 'maloa ea lipotso tsa ho eketsa polymerization.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Ho etsa hore Polyethylene e be polymer
Potso: Hlalosa ts'ebetso ea ho eketsa polymerization ea ethylene (C2H4) ho theha polyethylene (PE), kenyelletsa le equation ea karabelo e hlahang.
Puisano:
– Qalo:
Ho qala ho ka finyelloa ka ho sebelisa li-catalyst kapa li-free radical. A re nke hore re sebelisa li-free radical. Li-radical starters tse kang benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4) li ka lokolla li-free radical ha li futhumatsoa.
\[
C14H10O4 \rightarrow 2C6H5COO^{\cdot}
\]
– Ho ata ha tsona:
Li-radical tsena li tla hlasela maqhama a mabeli ka har'a monomer ea ethylene, li hlahise li-radical tse ncha tse ka tsoelang pele ho hlasela monomer e latelang.
\[
R^{\cdot} + CH2=CH2 \motsu o nepahetseng R-CH2-CH2^{\cdot}
\]
Ka mor'a moo, li-radical tse qetellong ea ketane li tla tsoela pele ho eketsa li-ethylene monomers e le hore ketane e be telele.
\[
R-CH2-CH2^{\cdot} + nCH2=CH2 \motsu o nepahetseng R-(CH2-CH2)_n^{\cdot}
\]
– Ho fediswa ha mosebetsi:
Ho fela ha metsoako ho ka etsahala ka ho kopanya liketane tse peli tsa radical kapa ka karabelo pakeng tsa radical le inhibitor.
\[
R-(CH2-CH2)_n^{\cdot} + R-(CH2-CH2)_m^{\cdot} \rightarrow R-(CH2-CH2)_{n+m}-R
\]
Sephetho sa ho qetela ke polyethylene (PE), polymer e hlahisoang ka ho kopanya li-monomer tse ngata tsa ethylene (\(n\) ethylene).
Potso ea 2: Ho etsa hore Polystyrene e be polymer
Potso: Indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale e batla ho hlahisa polymer ho tsoa ho monomer styrene (C8H8). Hlalosa karabelo ea polymerization e hlahang 'me u ngole sebopeho sa polystyrene.
Puisano:
– Qalo:
Feela jwalo ka polyethylene, di-free radicals di a hlokahala ho qala karabelo. A re re re sebedisa di-peroxide radicals.
\[
MORUO \motsu o nepahetseng 2RO^{\cdot}
\]
– Ho ata ha tsona:
Li-free radical li hlasela li-monomer tsa styrene tse nang le maqhama a mabeli a carbon-carbon.
\[
RO^{\cdot} + C6H5-CH=CH2 \motsu o nepahetseng RO-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3
\]
Mokhahlelo oa ho ata o tla etsa hore li-radical tsena li tsoele pele ho hlasela li-monomer tse ling tsa styrene.
\[
RO-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3 + n(C6H5-CH=CH2) \rightarrow RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_n-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3
\]
– Ho fediswa ha mosebetsi:
Ho fela ho etsahala ha liketane tse peli tsa polymer tse matla li kopana.
\[
RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_n^{\cdot} + RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_m^{\cdot} \rightarrow RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_{n+m}-RO
\]
Sebopeho sa polystyrene (PS) se hlahang ke ketane e telele e nang le diyuniti tsa monomer tse pheta-phetoang tsa styrene.
Potso ea 3: Ho etsa hore Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) e be polymer
Potso: Hlalosa ho eketsa polymerization ea monomer ea vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl), 'me u fane ka mehlala ea ts'ebeliso ea polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Puisano:
– Qalo:
Feela joalo ka mohlala o fetileng, li-free radical li hlahisoa ka li-peroxide.
\[
MORUO \motsu o nepahetseng 2R-O^{\cdot}
\]
– Ho ata ha tsona:
Li-free radical li hlasela litlamo tse habeli ho li-monomers tsa vinyl chloride.
\[
RO^{\cdot} + CH2=CHCl \motsu o nepahetseng RO-CH2-CHCl^{\cdot}
\]
Ho ata ho tswela pele ka diyuniti tsa monomer tse kopanang ho atolosa ketane.
\[
RO-CH2-CHCl^{\cdot} + nCH2=CHCl \rightarrow RO-(CH2-CHCl)_n^{\cdot}
\]
– Ho fediswa ha mosebetsi:
Ho fela ho etsahala ha liketane tse peli tsa radical li kopana.
\[
RO-(CH2-CHCl)_n^{\cdot} + RO-(CH2-CHCl)_m^{\cdot} \motsu o nepahetseng RO-(CH2-CHCl)_{n+m}-RO
\]
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ke polymer e hlahisoang le ho sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tse kang liphaephe tsa metsi, likhoele tsa motlakase, le lihlahisoa tse ling tse fapaneng tsa polasetiki.
Qetello
Ho eketsa polymerization ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale e kenyeletsang motsoako oa li-monomer ntle le ho lokolloa ha limolek'hule tse nyane. Ho utloisisa mekhoa le liketso tsa ho eketsa polymerization, joalo ka tse bonoang polyethylene, polystyrene, le PVC, ho re thusa ho ithuta le ho sebelisa tsebo ena indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka mehlala ena le lipuisano, re ka fumana kutloisiso e tebileng ea lits'ebetso le lihlahisoa tse hlahisoang ke ho eketsa polymerization, hammoho le lits'ebetso tsa eona tse sebetsang tse amang theknoloji le bophelo ba sejoale-joale.
