Moralo oa Sistimi ea Liphaephe bakeng sa Limela tsa Matla a Geothermal
Difeme tsa motlakase tsa geothermal di sebedisa matla a mocheso a tswang ka hare ho lefatshe ho hlahisa motlakase ka botshepehi le ka tsela e tsitsitseng. Ka mora diturbine le dijenereithara tse atisang ho totobatswa ho na le karolo ya bohlokwa ka ho lekana: sistimi ya diphaephe. Sistimi ya diphaephe tsa geothermal e tsamaisa mokelikeli o chesang (motswako wa mouoane, metsi a chesang/marine, le kgase e sa kolobisweng) ho tloha didibeng tsa tlhahiso ho ya dibakeng tsa bokahodimo, e arola mekhahlelo ya mokelikeli, e isa mouoane ho turbine, mme e sebetsana le metsi a lewatle le a kolobisitsweng bakeng sa ho kenngwa hape. Ka lebaka la tlhaho ya ho senya, ho hola, mocheso o phahameng, le mekhahlelo e mmedi ya maro a geothermal, moralo wa sistimi ya diphaephe o hloka mokhoa o thata ho feta di-installation tse tlwaelehileng tsa diphaephe tsa indasteri.
1. Utloisisa litšobotsi tsa maro a geothermal
Mohato oa pele oa moralo ke ho utloisisa maemo a mokelikeli: mocheso, khatello, sekhahla sa phallo, litaba tsa lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihisitsoeng, pH, litaba tsa CO₂/H₂S, le monyetla oa ho thehoa ha li-depositi tse kang silica, calcite, kapa sulfide. Mekelikeli ea geothermal e ka ba mouoane o omileng, haholo-holo mouoane (mouoane oa flash), haholo-holo mokelikeli (marine litsamaisong tsa binary), kapa motsoako oa mekhahlelo e 'meli o tsoang selibeng. Mofuta o mong le o mong o susumetsa khetho ea thepa, botenya ba phaephe, litlhoko tsa ho futhumatsa, le tlhophiso ea lisebelisoa (li-apartator, li-scrubbers, li-silencer).
Ho phaella moo, moralo o boetse o hloka ho lekola likotsi tsa ho bola le khoholeho ea mobu. Ho bola ho bakoa ke maemo a H₂S, CO₂, chloride, le pH; athe khoholeho ea mobu hangata e hlaha phallong kapa phallong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli e nang le likaroloana tse tiileng. Motsoako oa mocheso o phahameng le lik'hemik'hale tse matla o etsa hore khetho ea thepa le tšireletso ea ho bola e be har'a liqeto tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.
2. Meralo ea liphaephe: ho tloha selibeng ho ea setsing sa motlakase
Ka kakaretso, sistimi ea liphaephe tsa geothermal e kenyelletsa:
1. Liphaephe tsa seliba: li hokahanya tlhahiso hantle le sistimi ea ho bokella.
2. Marangrang a ho bokella mouoane/marine: phallo ea mokelikeli ho tloha lilibeng tse 'maloa ho ea seteisheneng sa karohano kapa ka ho toba ho ea seteisheneng sa motlakase.
3. Mohala o moholo oa mouoane: o isa mouoane o kolobisitsoeng/o omileng ho turbine.
4. Phaephe ea metsi a letsoai/a kolobisang: e phalla mokelikeli o setseng oa karohano kapa a kolobisang ho ea ho entoa hape.
5. Sistimi ea moea o kenang le o sa kolobisang (NCG): e sebetsana le likhase tse sa kolobisang e le hore e se ke ea fokotsa katleho ea condenser.
Nakong ea mohato oa khopolo-taba, moqapi o etsa qeto ea hore na karohano e tla etsoa haufi le seliba (searola sa wellpad) kapa bohareng (karohano ea bohareng). Karohano ea wellpad e ka fokotsa mathata a phallo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli liphaepheng tse hole, empa e eketsa bongata ba lisebelisoa le tlhoko ea ts'ebetso e mengata. Karohano ea bohareng e nolofatsa ts'ebetso empa e hloka moralo oa liphaephe tsa mekhahlelo e 'meli o thata haholoanyane.
3. Ho fumana bophara ba phaephe le lipalo tsa haeteroliki
Bophara ba phaephe bo laolwa ke tahlehelo ya kgatello e rerilweng, lebelo la phallo, le meedi ya tshebetso (mohlala, kgonahalo ya hamore ya metsi kapa ho thiba phallo ya mekhahlelo e mmedi). Diphaepheng tsa mouoane, lebelo le phahameng haholo le eketsa tahlehelo ya kgatello le kotsi ya kgoholeho ya mobu, ha lebelo le tlase haholo le ka lebisa ho bokellaneng ha condensate le ho se tsitse ha phallo. Diphaepheng tsa metsi a belang, lebelo le tlameha ho lekana ho thibela ho thella ha mobu, empa e seng ho feteletseng ho lekaneng ho eketsa kgoholeho ya mobu.
Lipalo tsa haeteroliki hangata li kenyelletsa:
– Ho theoha ha kgatello ka lebaka la kgohlano (tahlehelo ya ho thulana), diphetoho tsa bophahamo, le di-fittings (di-valve, di-elbow, di-tee).
– Mohlala oa mekhahlelo e 'meli (bakeng sa liphaephe tsa motsoako oa mouoane le metsi), o nahanang ka ho thella pakeng tsa mekhahlelo, karoloana ea mouoane, le liphetoho tse ka bang teng tsa tsamaiso ea phallo ho pholletsa le phaephe.
– Ho kolobisoa ha mouoane ka liphaepheng tse telele tse sa kolobisoang hantle, hobane ho theoha ha mocheso ho tla hlahisa kolobiso le ho eketsa kotsi ea hamore ea metsi.
Ha e le hantle, moralo oa bophara hangata o etsoa khafetsa: ho khetha bophara ba pele, ho bala tahlehelo ea khatello le lebelo, ebe ho fetoloa ha ho nahanoa ka litšenyehelo tsa liphaephe, litšenyehelo tsa pompo/compressor (haeba li le teng), le katleho ea fektheri (hobane tahlehelo ea khatello ea mouoane e fokotsa matla a turbine).
4. Thepa ea liphaephe le maano a ho thibela mafome
Khetho ea thepa e itšetlehile ka k'hemistri ea mokelikeli le mocheso. Mekhoa e mengata ea mouoane e sebelisa tšepe ea carbon, e fanang ka taolo e ntle ea mafome, ha mela ea brine e nang le chloride e ngata kapa pH e tlase e ka hloka thepa e sa haneleng haholoanyane joalo ka litšepe tse itseng tse sa hloekang, litšepe tsa alloy, kapa liaparo tsa kahare. Leha ho le joalo, esita le tšepe e sa hloekang ha se kamehla e sireletsehileng ka lebaka la kotsi ea mafome a khatello tlas'a maemo a phahameng a chloride le mocheso.
Maano a ho hanyetsa mafome hangata ke motsoako oa:
– Khetho ea thepa e nepahetseng e thehiloeng ho data ea sampole ea mokelikeli le liphetho tsa liteko tsa mafome.
– Taolo ea lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, ente ea thibelo tlas'a maemo a itseng).
– Moralo o qobang libaka tse sa emeng le maoto a shoeleng, kaha libaka tsena hangata li potlakisa ho bola ha libaka tse ling.
– Tekanyo ea ts'enyeho botenya ba phaephe, e leng botenya bo eketsehileng ho lebella ho fokotseha nakong ea bophelo ba moralo.
5. Taolo ea ho hola le ho silafatsa
Ho lekanya ke tšokelo e kholo ho mela ea metsi a letsoai le lisebelisoa tsa karohano. Silica, calcite, le liminerale tse ling li ka potlaka ha khatello le mocheso li theoha, kapa ha liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale li etsahala (mohlala, ho ntša khase ea CO₂). Moralo oa liphaephe o lokela ho nahana ka:
– boloka sekhahla sa phallo le mocheso e le hore e se ke ea feta maemo a supersaturation kapele haholo,
– fokotsa lintlha tsa moferefere o feteletseng tse ka bakang nucleation ea precipitate,
– fana ka phihlello ea ho hlokomela/ho hloekisa likolobe moo ho khonehang (le hoja sena hangata se le thata ka mocheso oa lefatše),
– tshebediso ya moralo wa spool o bonolo ho o qhaqha dikarolong tse kotsing ya ho bola.
Mafapheng a mangata, taolo ea ho lekanya e boetse e etsoa ka ho beha maano a ho benya le ho kenya hape, hammoho le ho kenya lik'hemik'hale tse thibelang ho lekanya libakeng tse itseng.
6. Ho thibela mocheso le taolo ea condensate
Liphaephe tsa mouoane hoo e ka bang kamehla li hloka ho thibela mocheso ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea mocheso. Tahlehelo ea mocheso ha e senye boleng ba mouoane feela empa hape e eketsa ho thehoa ha condensate, e leng se ka bakang hamore ea metsi. Ka hona, meralo hangata e kenyelletsa:
– Ho thibela mocheso ka botenya bo baloang ho latela tahlehelo ea mocheso le moruo (litšenyehelo tsa ho thibela mocheso khahlanong le tahlehelo ea matla).
– Seha le ho ntsha metsi ka mouoane libakeng tse tlase le ka linako tse itseng ho ntša metsi a kolobisitsoeng ka tsela e laolehileng.
– Phaephe e thellang e lebile moo ho tsholohang metsi ho thibela hore metsi a kolobileng a se ke a kopana.
Kondensate e laolwang hantle e ntlafatsa ts'epo ea turbine mme e fokotsa ho thothomela kapa tšenyo e bakoang ke hamore ea metsi.
7. Moralo oa mechini: katoloso ea mocheso, tšehetso, le ho tenyetseha
Lithempereichara tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsa geothermal li baka katoloso e kholo ea mocheso oa phaephe. Haeba e sa lumellane le maemo, khatello ea mocheso e ka baka ho lutla ha flange, mapetso a weld, kapa ho fetoha ha sebopeho. Ka hona, moralo oa mechini o kenyelletsa:
– Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea liphaephe bakeng sa maemo a ts'ebetso, ho qala, ho koala le maemo a tšohanyetso.
– Sekotjana sa katoloso kapa lenonyeletso la katoloso (ka hloko, kaha lenonyeletso la katoloso le eketsa lintlha tse ka bang teng tsa ho dutla mme le hloka tlhokomelo).
– Litšehetso, liankora, le litataiso li behiloe ka mokhoa o bohlale ho lumella phaephe ho "tsamaea" ka tsela e tobileng ha e atoloha.
– Moralo oa tsela ea liphaephe o fokotsang ho reteleha ho hoholo le ho nolofatsa phihlello ea tlhahlobo.
Hobane liphaephe hangata li tšela meeli ea sebaka se lithaba, liphetoho tsa bophahamo le ho lula ha mobu le tsona li lokela ho nahanoa moralong oa litšehetso le metheo.
8. Polokeho, disebediswa, le taolo
Litsamaiso tsa liphaephe tsa geothermal li na le maro a chesang a nang le khatello le likhase tse kotsi tse kang H₂S. Moralo oa polokeho o kenyelletsa:
– Li-valve tsa ho itšehla thajana le tsa taolo ho nolofatsa tlhokomelo le karohano ea marang-rang nakong ea tšitiso.
– Valve ea ho fokotsa khatello (PRV) le sistimi ea ho ntša mosi (moea/sekoti) e etselitsoeng maemo a khatello e feteletseng.
– Ho lemoha H₂S, mekhoa ea ho ntša moea o kenang le o tsoang, le ho beha moea o kenang le o tsoang ho eona ho nahanela tataiso ea moea le libaka tsa polokeho.
– Lisebelisoa tse kang li-transmitter tsa khatello, likarolo tsa mocheso, li-flowmeter, le tlhokomelo ea drain ho khetholla lintho tse sa tloaelehang (mohlala, ho theoha ha khatello ho amanang le ho hola).
Botšepehi ba sistimi bo boetse bo tšehetsoa ke mokhoa oa ho qala o laolang ho futhumatsa ha liphaephe butle-butle ho thibela ho tšoha ha mocheso.
9. Kaho, liteko le ts'ebetso ea nako e telele
Boleng ba tlhahiso le ho kenya ke ba bohlokoa bakeng sa nako e telele ea sistimi. Ho tjheseletsa ho tlameha ho fihlela maemo, ka tlhahlobo ea NDT (radiographic/ultrasonic) manonyeletsong a bohlokoa. Kamora ho kenngoa, ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea metsi kapa tlhahlobo ea pneumatic ha ho hlokahala, hammoho le ho omisa le ho qala ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng. Nakong ea ts'ebetso, lenaneo la tlhahlobo ea nako le nako le hlahloba mafome, ho sesefala ha lebota, ho thothomela le ho lutla ho honyenyane ho ka fetohang ho hloleha ho hoholo.
Ho phaella moo, ditsamaiso tsa diphaephe tsa geothermal di entswe ka tsela e loketseng hore di "be bonolo ho di hlokomela": ho na le sebaka sa ho nkela di-valve tse kgolo sebaka, phihlello ya dintlheng tsa drain, le bonolo ba ho kenya di-sensor tse ding ha tshimo e ntse e hola.
Ho koala
Moralo oa sistimi ea liphaephe bakeng sa lifeme tsa motlakase oa geothermal ke ts'ebetso e fapaneng e kopanyang li-hydraulic, thepa, mechanic ea liphaephe, boenjiniere ba mocheso, k'hemistri ea mokelikeli le likarolo tsa polokeho. Phephetso e kholo e bakoa ke tlhaho e mabifi, ea mekhahlelo e 'meli, le ea ho theha depositi ea maro a geothermal. Ka tlhophiso e nepahetseng ea marang-rang, palo e hlokolosi ea bophara, thepa e loketseng, sekala le taolo ea mafome, le ho tenyetseha ha mocheso le moralo oa polokeho o nahannoeng hantle, litsamaiso tsa liphaephe li ka sebetsa ka botsitso ka lilemo tse mashome. Qetellong, ho tšepahala ha liphaephe ha se taba ea thuso feela, empa ke motheo oa motheo oa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle, e bolokehileng le e tsitsitseng ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa geothermal.
