Mokhoa oa ho sebetsa ha litsamaiso tsa kabo ea matla a geothermal
Matla a geothermal ke mohloli oa matla a nchafatsoang o sebelisang mocheso oa tlhaho o tsoang ka hare ho lefatše. Batho ba bangata ba tseba matla a geothermal e le "motlakase o tsoang lefatšeng," empa ka morao ho ona ho na le letoto le lelelele la lits'ebetso tsa tekheniki - ho tloha lipatlisisong, tlhahisong, phetohong ho ba motlakase kapa mocheso, 'me qetellong, kabo ho ea ho basebelisi. Sengoloa sena se tšohla kamoo litsamaiso tsa kabo ea matla a geothermal li sebetsang kateng: kamoo matla a tsoang matamong a geothermal a fihlang malapeng, liindastering le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, o tsitsitseng le o sebetsang hantle.
1. Ho tloha ho mocheso o feteletseng ho ea ho matla a ka sebelisoang
Mocheso oa geothermal o bolokoa matamong a geothermal, e leng libaka tsa lefika le nang le masoba kapa le petsohileng le nang le maro (metsi a chesang le/kapa mouoane) mochesong o phahameng. Matamo ana hangata a botebo ba limithara tse makholo ho isa ho tse likete. Ho sebelisa matamo ana, lik'hamphani tsa geothermal li cheka ho tlisa maro a chesang holimo ka liliba tsa tlhahiso.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho bohlokwa ho utlwisisa hore "kabo" ya matla a geothermal ha se kamehla e bolelang ho isa mouoane kapa metsi a chesang ka ho toba malapeng. Dinaheng tse ngata, ho kenyeletswa Indonesia, tshebediso e tlwaelehileng haholo ke tlhahiso ya motlakase dipolanteng tsa motlakase wa geothermal (PLTP). Hang ha motlakase o hlahiswa, o ajwa ka sistimi ya naha ya motlakase (marangrang a phetiso le kabo). Dibakeng tse ding (mohlala, Europe kapa Amerika Leboya), matla a geothermal le ona a sebediswa e le mocheso o tobileng ka marangrang a futhumatsang a ditereke, moo metsi a chesang a iswang ho bareki ka diphaephe tse kwahetsweng.
Kahoo, sistimi ea kabo ea matla a geothermal e ka aroloa ka mela e 'meli e meholo:
1) Kabo ea motlakase (e tloaelehileng haholo): motlakase o tsoang lefats'eng la geothermal → motlakase litsing tsa motlakase o tsoang lefats'eng la geothermal → marangrang a phetisetso → marangrang a kabo → bareki.
2) Kabo ea mocheso (tšebeliso e tobileng): geothermal → mocheso o fapanyetsanang → marang-rang a liphaephe tsa mocheso → moreki (ntlo/moaho/indasteri).
2. Likarolo tsa bohlokoa ketane ea phepelo ea geothermal
Ho hlakisa taba ena, tsena ke likarolo tse atisang ho ba teng ho tloha holimo ho isa tlase:
– Tanka ea mocheso: mohloli oa mocheso le mokelikeli.
– Sediba sa tlhahiso: se phalla mokelikeli o chesang ho ea holimo.
– Sistimi ea ho bokella: marang-rang a liphaephe tse tsoang lilibeng tse 'maloa ho ea setsing sa ho sebetsana le metsi kapa ho hlahisa metsi.
– Sehahi/tanka ea flash kapa sesebelisoa sa ho fapanyetsana mocheso: se arola mouoane kapa se fetisetsa mocheso (ho latela mofuta oa theknoloji).
– Li-turbine le lijenereithara (bakeng sa tlhahiso ea motlakase): li fetola matla a mouoane hore e be matla a mechini ebe matla a motlakase.
– Sehatsetsi le sistimi ea ho pholisa: e pholisa mouoane o tsoang ho turbine hore o khutlele metsing.
– Ente seliba: e khutlisetsa mokelikeli ka tankeng ho boloka botsitso le ho boloka khatello.
– Seteishene se senyenyane (switchyard/seteishene se senyenyane): se eketsa motlakase oa motlakase o tsoang jenereithareng e le hore o ka fetisoa ka katleho.
– Marangrang a phetisetso: a fetisa motlakase o nang le motlakase o phahameng libakeng tse telele.
– Marangrang a kabo: a fokotsa motlakase mme a o abela bareki.
– Litsamaiso tsa taolo le tšireletso: SCADA, li-relay tsa tšireletso, li-circuit breaker, tekanyo ea boleng ba matla.
3. Kabo e sebetsa joang morerong oa tlhahiso ea motlakase (PLTP)
a) Tlhahiso le pokello ea maro
Mokelikeli o chesang o tsoang lilibeng tse 'maloa tsa tlhahiso o phalla ka phaephe ea pokello ho ea setsing sa motlakase. Mothating ona, moralo oa phaephe o bohlokoa hobane mokelikeli o ka senya, oa ba le liminerale tse qhibilihileng, 'me oa ba khatellong le mochesong o phahameng. Ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea mocheso le ho boloka botsitso ba phallo, phaephe e entsoe ka thepa e loketseng le ho thibela ho ruruha, 'me e na le li-valve tsa polokeho.
b) Phetoho ea mocheso ho ea ho motlakase: mahlale a mararo a tšoanang
1. Mouoane o omileng: mouoane o omileng o potoloha turbine ka ho toba.
2. Mouoane o phatsimang: metsi a chesang a hatelletsoeng a "phatsima" ho ba mouoane ha khatello ea ona e fokotseha ka har'a sehahi. Mouoane o fetola turbine, ha metsi a setseng a ka kenngoa hape.
3. Potoloho ea binary: Mocheso o tsoang mokelikeling oa geothermal o fetisetsoa mokelikeling oa bobeli o sebetsang (mohlala, isobutane) ka sesebelisoa sa ho fapanyetsana mocheso. Mokelikeli oa bobeli oa fetoha mouoane ebe o fetola turbine. Melemo: ho fokotsa mesi e tsoang 'meleng le ho loketse mocheso o itekanetseng oa polokelo.
Ka mora hore turbine e fetole jenereithara, motlakase o hlahiswa ka motlakase o mahareng (hangata kV tse mmalwa ho isa ho mashome a kV, ho itshetlehile ka moralo wa fektheri). Motlakase ona ha o so sebetse hantle bakeng sa phetiso ya sebaka se selelele, kahoo ho hlokahala kgato e nngwe hape.
c) Sebaka sa ho chencha le transformer: moo kabo e qalang teng
Ka hara switchyard, motlakase o tswang ho jenereithara o feta tsamaisong ya tshireletso le tekanyo, ebe o kena ka hara transformer e nyolohang ho ya ho motlakase o phahameng (mohlala, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kapa 500 kV). Molao-motheo o bonolo: ha motlakase o phahame, motlakase o theoha bakeng sa matla a tshwanang, e leng se fellang ka tahlehelo e tlase (I²R) meleng ya phetisetso.
d) Phetisetso: ho fetisetsa motlakase ho tloha libakeng tsa geothermal ho ea litsing tsa mojaro
Masimo a mangata a geothermal a fumaneha libakeng tse lithaba hole le metse e meholo, e leng se etsang hore marang-rang a phetisetso e be mokokotlo oa kabo. Liphephetso tse kholo mohatong ona li kenyelletsa:
– Toropo e thata (phihlello ea tora ea phetisetso, kotsi ea ho putlama ha lefatše).
– Ho tšepahala maemong a leholimo a feteletseng.
– Ho hokahanya tshireletso e le hore tshitiso e etsahalang ka nako e nngwe e se ke ya tima sebaka se seholo.
Sistimi ea phetisetso e sebetsa holim'a gridi, e lumellang motlakase o tsoang litsing tsa motlakase tsa geothermal ho phalla ho ea libakeng tseo o hlokahalang ho tsona, eseng feela sebakeng se haufi. Litsi tsa ho romela motlakase li hlahloba maqhubu, motlakase le phallo ea motlakase ho boloka botsitso ba sistimi.
e) Kabo: ho tloha seteisheneng se senyenyane ho ea ho bareki
Haufi le litsi tsa tšebeliso, motlakase o kena setsing se senyenyane se theohelang tlase. Motlakase o fokotsoa ho ea boemong ba kabo bo mahareng (mohlala, 20 kV kapa 13,8 kV) ebe o ajoa ka marang-rang a kabo. Haufi le libaka tsa bolulo, li-transformer tsa kabo li o fokotsa ho ea boemong ba motlakase o tlase (mohlala, 220/380 V) bakeng sa malapa le likhoebo tse nyane, kapa li boloka boemo bo mahareng bakeng sa bareki ba itseng ba indasteri.
Kahoo, "kabo ea matla a geothermal" mererong ea motlakase e batla e tšoana le ea lifeme tse ling tsa motlakase: hang ha e fetoloa motlakase, e latela meralo ea motheo ea gridi. Phapang e teng ts'ebetsong e holimo (tlhahiso ea geothermal) le mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea feme.
4. Kabo morerong oa tšebeliso ea mocheso o sebelisoang ka kotloloho
Libakeng tse ling, matla a geothermal a boetse a sebelisoa bakeng sa ho futhumatsa sebaka, metsi a chesang a malapeng, ho omisa temo, matlo a limela, esita le lits'ebetso tsa indasteri. Morero ke o latelang:
1. Mokelikeli o chesang o tsoang selibeng sa tlhahiso o phallela setsing sa bokaholimo.
2. Mocheso o fetisetsoa ka sesebelisoa sa ho fapanyetsana mocheso ho ea metsing a hloekileng (sekotjana se koetsoeng) ho boloka boleng ba metsi a moreki le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho bola/sekala.
3. Metsi a hloekileng a chesang a ajoa ka liphaephe tse sireletsang mocheso ho bareki (matlo/meaho/indasteri).
4. Kamora hore mocheso o sebediswe, metsi a kgutliswang a kgutlisetswa bohareng ho futhumatswa hape, ha mokelikeli wa geothermal hangata o kenngwa hape ka hara letamo.
Molemo oa mohlala ona ke ho sebelisa matla hantle hobane o qoba ho fetola mocheso hore e be motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, sebaka sa kabo ea oona hangata sea lekanyetsoa hobane litšenyehelo tsa liphaephe le tahlehelo ea mocheso lia eketseha ha sebaka se ntse se hola.
5. Sistimi ea ente: karolo ea bohlokoa ea botsitso
E 'ngoe ea matšoao a ketane ea matla a geothermal ke boteng ba liliba tsa ente. Ka mor'a hore mouoane o fete ka har'a turbine 'me o kokobele, kapa ka mor'a hore mocheso o ntšoe ka har'a exchanger ea mocheso, mokelikeli hangata o khutlisetsoa mobung. Ente e thusa:
– Boloka khatello ea polokelo ho boloka tlhahiso e tsitsitse.
– E fokotsa ho putlama ha mobu.
– Fokotsa ho ntšoa ha metsi tikolohong.
Sebaka sa ho beoa ha liliba tsa ente se lokela ho etsoa ka hloko e le hore se se ke sa pholisa sebaka sa tlhahiso kapele haholo (ho phatloha ha mocheso) le ho se bake tšitiso ea ts'ebetso.
6. Taolo ea matla, tšireletso le boleng
Ho netefatsa kabo e tšepahalang, sistimi ea geothermal e hlomelloa ka:
– SCADA le DCS ho lekola mocheso, khatello, sekgahla sa phallo, ho thothomela ha turbine, le boemo ba disebediswa tsa motlakase.
– Relay ea tšireletso ho lemoha potoloho e khuts'oane, phoso ea fatše, maqhubu a fetang/tlase, motlakase o fetang/tlase.
– Taolo e arabelang (capacitor, reactor, kapa taolo ea ho sisinya jenereithara) ho boloka motlakase o tsitsitseng.
– Taolo ea ho kenya e le hore tlhahiso ea jenereithara e lumellane le litlhoko tsa gridi.
Hangata dimela tsa motlakase tsa geothermal di sebetsa e le dijenereithara tsa motheo (tse tsitsitseng) hobane matla a geothermal a fumaneha 24/7. Sena se thusa botsitsong ba sistimi ya kabo, haholoholo ha e kopantswe le dimela tsa motlakase tse sa kgaotseng jwalo ka letsatsi le moya.
7. Liphephetso tsa kabo ea matla a mocheso oa lefatše
Leha e ka tšeptjoa, ho na le liphephetso tse ling tse tloaelehileng:
– Sebaka se hole sa feme ea motlakase se etsa hore kaho ea phetisetso e be theko e boima 'me e hloka mangolo a tumello ea mobu.
– Maro a tsoang mochesong a ka baka mafome/makala liphaepheng le lisebelisoa tsa bokaholimo.
– Likotsi tsa jeoloji (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea litšisinyeho tse nyenyane tse amanang le ente) li hloka ho beoa leihlo le ho laoloa.
– Ho kopanngoa ha gridi ho hloka lithuto tse ntle tsa botsitso le khokahano ea tšireletso.
Qetello
Tsela eo sistimi ea kabo ea matla a geothermal e sebetsang ka eona e itšetlehile ka mofuta oo matla a fanoang ka oona. Ha e sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea motlakase, matla a geothermal a fetoloa motlakase setsing sa motlakase sa geothermal (PLTP), ebe a ajoa ka li-switchyard, li-transformer, lithapo tsa phetisetso le lithapo tsa kabo ho bareki. Ha e sebelisoa bakeng sa mocheso o tobileng, matla a mocheso a ajoa ka marang-rang a liphaephe tse nang le mocheso o nang le li-exchange tsa mocheso le potoloho e koetsoeng. Ka bobeli li hloka moralo o matla oa tekheniki, litsamaiso tse tšepahalang tsa taolo le tšireletso, le mekhoa ea ho kenya ho boloka botsitso ba matamo. Ka tsamaiso e nepahetseng, matla a geothermal e ka ba mokokotlo oa phepelo e tsitsitseng le e tšepahalang ea matla a hloekileng.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka eketsa litšoantšo tsa chate ea phallo kapa ka etsa mofuta oa sengoloa se shebaneng haholo le moelelo oa Indonesia (PLTP, netweke ea phetisetso ea PLN, le mehlala ea masimo a geothermal).
